目录 reface to the Reissue of the Materials Characterization Series x Preface to Series xi Preface to the Reissue of Characterization of Composite Materials xii Preface xiii Acronyms xiv Contributors xv X—RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS) AND ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS (ESCA) 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fundamental Principles:XPS and ESCA 2 1.3 Applications of XPSIESCA to Composites 9 Fibers 10,Polymer Matrix Materials 13,Composites 14,Failure Modes 19 1.4 Summary 23 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Normal Raman Scattering 27 2.3 Surface—Enhanced Raman Scattering 28 2.4 Polymer—Metal Composites 29 Adsorption of Polymer to Metal 29,Adhesive—Adherent Interactions 33 2.5 Polymer—Polymer Composites 38 Polymer—Polymer Interdiffusion 38,Surface Segregation in Polymer Blends 39 2.6 Fiber—Polymer Composites 39 Stress Transfer at Interfaces 39,Surface Structure of Carbon Materials 41 2.7 Summary 41 NMR IMAGING OF COMPOSITES 3.1 Introduction 44 Basis of NMR Imaging 45,Relaxation Parameters in NMR Imaging 46, Pulse Sequences for Generating Contrast in Imaging 47,Resolution in NMR Imaging 48,Utility of NMRI 49,Image Processing 49 3.2 Advanced Imaging Techniques 50 Chemical Shift Imaging 50 3.3 NMRI of Solids 52 Design Limitations of High Performance Fiber—Reinforced Composites 52,Interracial Bond Quality and Defect Characteristics of Composites 53,NMR Imaging as a Composite Inspection Technique Detection of Internal Voids 54,Detection of Nonuniform Dispersion of Filler 55, Aging of Composites 56, MRI as an Environmental Monitoring Technique 58,Adsorption of Liquids in Polymers 58,1H ImagingofSolids 58,13C ImagingofSolids 60 3.4 Conclusions 61 NMR STUDIES OF ISOTOPE—ENRICHED SPECIES AT INTERFACES INVERSE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY DIELECTRIC SPECTROSCOPY IMAGING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS BY THE NEW SCANNING PROBE TECHNIQUES (STM/AFM) ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITES INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY FOR COMPOSITES
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