目录 Preface List of symbols Chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet 1 Introduction 1.1 Howthe course is organised 1.2 The English Phonetics and Phonology website 1.3 Phonemes and other aspects of pronunciation 1.4 Accents and dialects 2 The production of speech sounds 2.1 Articulators abovethe larynx 2.2 Vowel and consonant 2.3 English short vowels 3 Long vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs 3.1 English long vowels 3.2 Diphthongs 3.3 Triphthongs 4 Voicing and consonants 4.1 The larynx 4.2 Respiration and voicing 4.3 Plosives 4.4 English plosives 4.5 Fortisand lenis 5 Phonemes and symbols 5.1 The phoneme 5.2 Symbols and transcription 5.3 Phonology 6 Fricatives and affricates 6.1 Production of fricatives and affricates 6.2 The fricatives of English 6.3 The affricates of English 6.4 Fortis consonants 7 Nasals and other consonants 7.1 Nasals 7.2 The consonantl 7.3 The consonantr 7.4 The consonantsj and w 8 The syllable 8.1 The nature of the syllable 8.2 The structure of the English syllable 8.3 Syllable division 9 Strongand weak syllables 9.1 Strong and weak 9.2 The ? vowel ("schwa") 9.3 Close front and close back vowels 9.4 Syllabic consonants 10 Stress in simple words 10.1 The nature of stress 10.2 Levels of stress 10.3 Placement of stress within the word 11 Complex word stress
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