目录 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Interactive Nature of the Scoring of Direct Writing Assessment 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Significance of the Study 1.4 Definition of the Key Terms 1.5 Overview of the Book Chapter 2 Literature Review: Research on Raters and Rating Scales 2.1 Studies Concerning Rater Factor 2.1.1 Effects of Rater Characteristics on Essay Rating Outcomes and Processes 2.1.2 Text Features Raters Focus On 2.1.3 Raters' Mental Processes 2.2 Studies Concerning Rating Scales 2.2.1 Theoretical Arguments Concerning Holistic and Analytic Scales 2.2.2 Effects of Interactions Between Raters and Holistic and Analytic Scales on Essay Rating Outcomes 2.2.3 Interactions Between Raters and Holistic and Analytic Scales and the Effect of Such Interactions on Essay Rating Processes 2.3 Approaches to Investigating Essay Rating Outcomes and Processes 2.3.1 Essay Rating Outcomes: G-theory and MFRM 2.3.2 Essay Rating Processes: Think-aloud Protocols 2.4 Summary Chapter 3 Research Design 3.1 Overview of the Research Design 3.2 Context of the Study 3.2.1 General Description of CET 3.2.2 Writing Task in CET-6 3.2.3 Rating Scale and Rating Procedure Used in CET-6 3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Materials 3.3.2 Participants 3.3.3 Data-collection Tools 3.3.4 Data-collection Procedures 3.4 Data Analyses 3.4.1 Quantitative Analysis: Essay Scores 3.4.2 Qualitative Analysis 3.5 Summary Chapter 4 Effects of Rater-scale Interactions on Essay Rating Outcomes 4.1 G-theory Analysis of the Scores 4.1.1 Estimated Variance Components for the Two Rating Scales (G-study) 4.1.2 Score Generalizability (D-study) 4.2 MFRM Analysis of the Scores 4.2.1 FACETS Screening 4.2.2 MFRM Results 4.3 Summary Chapter 5 Effects of Rater-scale Interactions on Essay Rating Processes 5.1 Differences in the Use of Rating Strategies Across the Two Scales 5.1.1 Differences in the General Categories of Rating Strategies Across the Scales 5.1.2 Differences in the Use of Specific Rating Strategies Across the Scales 5.1.3 Summary of the Differences in Raters' Rating Strategies Across the Two Scales 5.2 Differences in Raters' Text Focus Across_the Two Scales 5.2.1 Differences in the Main Categories of Text Focus Across the Scales 5.2.2 Differences in Specific Text Focuses Across'the Scales 5.2.3 Summary of the Differences in Raters' Text Focus Across the Two Scales 5.3 Difficulties Raters Encountered.When Applying the Tw6 Scales 5.3.1 Major Difficulties in Essay Rating in the Holistic Rating Condition 5.3.2 Major Difficulties in Essay Rating in the Analytic RatingCondition 5.3.3 Summary of the Difficulties Raters Encountered When Applying the Two Scales 5.4 Main Features of Raters' Interaction with the Two Scales 5.4.1 Main Features of Raters' Interaction with the Holistic Scale 5.4.2 Main Features of Raters' Interaction with the Analytic Scale 5.5 Summary Chapter 6 Conclusion and Discussion 6.1 Summary and Discussion of Findings 6.2 Implications 6.2.1 Theoretical Implications 6.2.2 Practical Implications 6.2.3 Methodological Implications 6.3 Limitations 6.4 Suggestions for Further Research References Appendixes Appendix A CET Essay Rating Scale Appendix B CET-6 Writing Task and Range Finders (June, 2010) Appendix C Analytic Rating Scale for CET-6 Writing Tasks Appendix D Anchor Scripts for the Analytic Rating Scale Appendix E Questionnaire on the Interpretation and Application of the CET-6 Holistic Scale (Questionnaire 1) Appendix F Questionnaire on the Interpretation and Application of the Analytic Rating Scale (Questionnaire 2) Appendix G Instructions and Training Tasks for Think-aloud Protocols Appendix H Post-TA Interview Questions (Holistic Rating Scale) (Interview 1) Appendix I Post-TA Interview Questions (Analytic Rating Scale) (Interview 2) Appendix J Sample Segmented Transcripts of Think-aloud Protocols Appendix K Coding Scheme for Think-aloud Protocols Index
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