目录 1 Methods of Proof 1.1 Argumentby Contladiction 1.2 Mathematical Induction 1.3 ThePigeonholePrirciple 1.4 Ordered Sets and Extremal Elements 1.5 Invariants and Semiqnvariants 2 Algebra 2.1 Identities and Inequalities 2.1.1 Algebraic Identities 2.1.2 x2≥0 2.1.3 The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality 2.1.4 The Triangle Inequality 2.1.5 The Arithmetic Mean-Geometric Mean Inequality 2.1.6 Sturm's Principle 2.1.7 Other Inequalities 2.2 Polynomials 2.2.1 A Warmup in One-Variable Polynomials 2.2.2 Polynomials in Several Variables 2.2.3 Quadratic Polynomials 2.2.4 Vi&e's Relations 2.2.5 The Derivative czf a Polynomial 2.2.6 The Location of the Zeros czf a Polynomial 2.2.7 Irreducible Polynomials 2.2.8 Chebyshev Polynomials 2.3 Linear Algebra 2.3.1 Operations with Matrices 2.3.2 Determinants 2.3.3 The Inverse of a Matrix 2.3.4 Systems of Linear Equations 2.3.5 Vector Spaces, Linear Combinations of Vectors, Bases 2.3.6 Linear Transformations, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors 2.3.7 The Cayley-Hamilton and Perron-Frobenius Theorems 2.4 Abstract Algebra 2.4.1 Binary Operations 2.4.2 Groups 2.4.3 Rings 3 Real Analysis 3.1 Sequences and Series 3.1.1 Search for a Pattern 3.1.2 Linear Recursive Sequences 3.1.3 Limits of Sequences 3.1.4 More About Limits of Sequences 3.1.5 Series 3.1.6 Telescopic Series and Products 3.2 Continuity, Derivatives, and Integrals 3.2.1 Functions 3.2.2 Limits of Functions 3.2.3 Continuous Functions 3.2.4 The Intermediate Value Property 3.2.5 Derivatives and Their Applications 3.2.6 The Mean Value Theorem 3.2.7 Convex Functions 3.2.8 Indefinite Integrals 3.2.9 Definite Integrals 3.2.10 Riemann Sums 3.2.11 Inequalities for Integrals 3.2.12 Taylor and Fourier Series 3.3 Multivariable Differential and Integral Calculus 3.3.1 Partial Derivatives and Their Applications 3.3.2 Multivariable Integrals 3.3.3 The Many Versions of Stokes' Theorem 3.4 Equations with Functions as Unknowns 3.4.1 Functional Equations 3.4.2 Ordinary Differential Equations of the First Order 3.4.3 Ordinary Differential Equations of Higher Order 3.4.4 Problems Solved with Techniques of Differential Equations 4 Geometry and Trigonometry 4.1 Geometry 4.1.1 Vectors 4.1.2 The Coordinate Geometry of Lines and Circles 4.1.3 Quadratic and Cubic Curves in the Plane 4.1.4 Some Famous Curves in the Plane 4.1.5 Coordinate Geometry in Three and More Dimensions 4.1.6 Integrals in Geometry 4.1.7 Other Geometry Problems 4.2 Trigonometry 4.2.1 Trigonometric Identities 4.2.2 Euler's Formula 4.2.3 Trigonometric Substitutions 4.2.4 Telescopic Sums and Products in Trigonometry 5 Number Theory 5.1 Integer-Valued Sequences and Functions 5.1.1 Some General Problems 5.1.2 Fermat's Infinite Descent Principle 5.1.3 The Greatest Integer Function 5.2 Arithmetic 5.2.1 Factorization and Divisibility 5.2.2 Prime Numbers 5.2.3 Mcdular Arithmetic 5.2.4 Fermat's Little Theorem 5.2.5 Wilson's Theorem 5.2.6 Euler's Totient Function 5.2.7 The Chinese Remainder Theorem 5.2.8 Quadratic IntcgerRings 5.3 Diophantine Equations 5.3.1 Linear Dicphantine Equations 5.3.2 The Equation of Pythagoras 5.3.3 Pell's Equation 5.3.4 Other Diophantine Equations 6 Combinatories and Probability 6.1 Combinatorial Arguments in Set Theory 6.1.1 Combinatorics of Sets 6.1.2 Combinatorics of Numbers 6.1.3 Permutations 6.2 Combinatorial Geometry 6.2.1 Tessellations 6.2.2 Miscellaneous Combinatorial Geometry Problems 6.3 Graphs 6.3.1 Some Basic Graph The
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