半个多世纪以来,欧文·潘诺夫斯基(Erwin Panofsky)的《Perspective as Symbolic Form》一直主导着视觉表征的研究。尽管有中心投影或透视图的霸权,但其他同样重要的表示方法也有很多。在古希腊花瓶、庞贝壁画和拜占庭马赛克上都可以看到平行投影;它以历史上的先锋派作品的形式回归,至今仍是中国主流的表现形式。马西莫·斯科拉里在《斜交画》中研究了2000多年的“反透视”视觉表现形式,在他的研究过程中发现,视觉和概念表现是不同文化的意识形态和哲学取向的表现。图像不仅是一种艺术形式,也是一种思想形式,一种生活方式的投射。
A challenge to the hegemony of perspective: investigations into other forms of representation used by different cultures over the last two thousand years.
For more than half a century, Erwin Panofsky's Perspective as Symbolic Form has dominated studies of visual representation. Despite the hegemony of central projection, or perspective, other equally important methods of representation have much to tell us. Parallel projection can be found on classical Greek vases, in Pompeiian frescoes, in Byzantine mosaics; it returned in works of the historical avant-garde, and remains the dominant form of representation in China. In Oblique Drawing, Massimo Scolari investigates “anti-perspective” visual representation over two thousand years, finding in the course of his investigation that visual and conceptual representations are manifestations of the ideological and philosophical orientations of different cultures. Images prove to be not just a form of art but a form of thought, a projection of a way of life.
Scolari's generously illustrated studies show that illusionistic perspective is not the only, or even the best, representation of objects in history; parallel projection, for example, preserves in scale the actual measurements of objects it represents, avoiding the distortions of one-point perspective. Scolari analyzes the use of nonperspectival representations in pre-Renaissance images of machines and military hardware, architectural models and drawings, and illustrations of geometrical solids. He challenges Panofsky's theory of Pompeiian perspective and explains the difficulties encountered by the Chinese when they viewed Jesuit missionaries' perspectival religious images.
Scolari vividly demonstrates the diversity of representational forms devised through the centuries, and shows how each one reveals something that is lacking in the others.
Massimo Scolari is a prominent architectural historian. He is also an editor, designer, artist, and pilot. He has taught at the Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia (IUAV), Cornell University, Cooper Union, Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies (IAUS), Technische Universität Vienna, Harvard University, and Yale University.
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