博林格林州立大学(Bowling Green State University)的杰出经济学教授。获有托雷多大学法学博士学位和得克萨斯大学的博士学位。曾经合著7本书,并在专业期刊发表100余篇研究论文。曾被威斯康星大学、印第安纳大学、科罗拉多大学等几十所大学聘请,协助其培养教职员工的批判性思维技巧。他是《韩国批判性思维》期刊的编委会成员,还是“国际批判性思维大会”的主要发言人。2001年获博林格林州立大学“终生成就奖”,2002年获博林格林州立大学“杰出教学能力奖”,以及美国教育促进与支持委员会的“全国年度杰出教授”银牌奖章、“俄亥俄州年度杰出教授”等许多全国性和地方性的荣誉称号。近期为美国国家安全部、IBM公司、乐高公司、新加坡K2B国际公司、美国商学院联盟、美国空军研究院等众多机构及公司提供批判性思维的训练及咨询服务。
斯图尔特•M.基利
美国伊利诺伊大学心理学博士。现为美国博林格林州立大学心理学教授。
【目录】
CHAPTER
1
The Benefit and Manner of Asking the
Right Questions 1
The Noisy, Confused World We Live in 1
Experts Cannot Rescue Us, Despite What They
Say 4
The Necessity of Relying on Our Mind 5
Critical Thinking to the Rescue 6
The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative
Thinking Styles 8
Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking 10
The Importance of Practice 12
Critical Thinking and Other People 12
Values and Other People 12
Primary Values of a Critical Thinker 14
Keeping the Conversation Going 16
Creating a Friendly Environment for
Communication 19
CHAPTER
2
Speed Bumps Interfering with Your Critical
Thinking 20
The Discomfort of Asking the Right Questions 21
Thinking Too Quickly 21
Stereotypes 22
Mental Habits That Betray Us 23
Halo Effect 24
Belief Perseverance 24
Availability Heuristic 26
Answering the Wrong Question 27
Egocentrism 28
Wishful Thinking: Perhaps the Biggest Single Speed
Bump on the Road to Critical Thinking 29
CHAPTER 3 What Are the Issue and the Conclusion? 33
Kinds of Issues 34
Searching for the Issue 36
Searching for the Author’s or Speaker’s
Conclusion 37
Using This Critical Question 39
Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion 39
Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and
Speaking 40
Narrowing Your Issue Prior to Writing 41
Cluing Your Reader into Your Conclusion 42
Practice Exercises 42
Sample Responses 44
CHAPTER 4 What Are the Reasons? 47
Initiating the Questioning Process 50
Words That Identify Reasons 52
Kinds of Reasons 52
Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight 53
Using This Critical Question 54
Reasons First, Then Conclusions 54
Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and
Speaking 55
Exploring Possible Reasons before Reaching
a
Conclusion 55
Identify Major Publications That Cover Your
Issue 56
Helping Your Readers Identify Your Reasons 57
Practice Exercises 57
Sample Responses 59
What Words or Phrases Are
Ambiguous? 62
The Confusing Flexibility of Words 63
Locating Key Terms and Phrases 64
Checking for Ambiguity 67
Using This Critical Question 67
Determining Ambiguity 68
Context and Ambiguity 70
Using This Critical Question 72
Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary 72
Ambiguity and Loaded Language 75
Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity 76
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