医学物理学:英文版
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作者陈艳霞
出版社科学出版社有限责任公司
ISBN9787030425140
出版时间2014-11
装帧平装
开本16开
定价55元
货号8411277
上书时间2024-12-25
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目录
Preface
CHAPTER 1 THE BASIS OF BIOMECHANICS 1
1.1 Newton’s Laws of Motion 1
1.2 Rotation of Rigid Bodies 2
1.3 Elastic Properties of Materials 7
1.4 The Mechanical Properties of Bone 10
1.5 The Mechanical Properties of Muscle 12
Summary 14
Review Questions 14
CHAPTER 2 VIBRATION， WAVE AND SOUND 16
2.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 17
2.2 The Combination of Vibration 22
2.3 Simple Harmonic Wave 28
2.4 Energy in Wave 32
2.5 Superposition of Wave and Interference 34
2.6 Sound Wave 37
2.7 Doppler Effect and Shock Wave 42
2.8 Ultrasonic and its Applications in Medicine 46
Summary 53
Review Questions 55
CHAPTER 3 THE MOTION OF FLUIDS 56
3.1 Steady Flow of Ideal Fluid 56
3.2 Bernoulli’s Equation 59
3.3 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 61
3.4 Viscous Fluid Flow 63
Summary 68
Review Questions 68
CHAPTER 4 PHENOMENA ON LIQUID SURFACES 70
4.1 Surface Tension and Surface Energy 70
4.2 Additional Pressure of a Curved Surface of Liquid 73
4.3 Capillary Action and Air Embolism 75
Summary 77
Review Questions 78
CHAPTER 5 STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD 79
5.1 Electric Field Intensity 80
5.2 Gauss’s Law 83
5.3 Electric Potential 88
5.4 Dielectrics 93
5.5 Electric Dipole and Membrane Potential 99
Summary 104
Review Questions 104
CHAPTER 6 MAGNETIC FIELD 106
6.1 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Induction 107
6.2 The Motion of a Charged Particle and the Force on a Current Wire in Magnetic
Field 110
6.3 Magnetic Substance and Superconducting Magnet 118
6.4 Electromagnetic Induced Phenomena 121
6.5 The Applications of Magnetism in Biology 124
Summary 126
Review Questions 127
CHAPTER 7 DIRECT CURRENT 129
7.1 Electric Current and Electric Current Density 129
7.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws 131
7.3 Circuits Containing Resistor and Capacitor 135
7.4 The Applications of Direct Current in the Medicine 137
Summary 138
Review Questions 138
CHAPTER 8 GEOMETRIC OPTICS 140
8.1 Reflection and Refraction 140
8.2 Refraction at a Spherical Surface 142
8.3 The Thin Lens 146
8.4 The Eye 148
8.5 The Microscope 152
Summary 154
Review Questions 154
CHAPTER 9 WAVE OPTICS 156
9.1 Interference of Light 156
9.2 Diffraction of Light 161
9.3 Polarization of Light 163
Summary 169
Review Questions 169
CHAPTER 10 LASER 171
10.1 The Basis of Laser 171
10.2 The Bioeffects of Laser 175
10.3 The Application of Laser in Medicine 176
Summary 177
Review Questions 178
CHAPTER 11 X-RAYS 179
11.1 Generation of X-rays 179
11.2 X-rays Spectra 180
11.3 The Basic Properties of X-rays 184
11.4 The Absorption of X-rays 184
11.5 The Application of X-rays in Medicine 185
Summary 188
Review Questions 189
CHAPTER 12 NUCLEAR PHYSICS 190
12.1 The Properties of Nucleus 190
12.2 Nuclear Decay 193
12.3 The Rules of Nuclear Decay 194
12.4 The Interaction of Radiation with Matter 196
12.5 Radiation Detection and Measurement 198
12.6 The Applications of Radionuclide in Medicine 200
Summary 203
Review Questions 204
References 205
APPENDIX Fundamental Physical Constants 206
内容摘要
CHAPTER 1 THE BASIS OF BIOMECHANICS
? Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
? Rotation of Rigid Bodies
Angular Displacement， Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
Rotation of Rigid Bodies
The Moment of Inertia
? Elastic Properties of Materials
Stress
Strain
Modulus of Elasticity
? The Mechanical Properties of Bone
Tensile and Compression
Shear
Torsion
Bending
Composite Load
? The Mechanical Properties of Muscle
Elongate Pinch of Skeletal Muscle
Equal Tensile Pinch of Skeletal Muscle
Equal Length Pinch of Skeletal Muscle
In this chapter， we will review Newton’s laws of motion， analyze the rotation of rigid body， discuss elastic properties of materials， and explore mechanical features of bone and muscle.
1.1 Newton’s Laws of Motion
We know from experience that an object at rest never starts to move by itself. In order to move a body， a push or pull must be exerted on it by some other body. Similarly， a force is required to slow down or stop a body already in motion， and to make a moving body deviate from straight line motion requires a sideways force. All these processes (speeding up， slowing down， or changing direction) involve a change in either the magnitude or direction of the velocity. Thus in each case the body accelerates， and an external force must act on it to produce the acceleration.
1.1.1 Newton’s First Law of Motion
Any object remains at rest or in motion along a straight line with constant speed unless acted upon by a net force (or resultant force ).This is Newton’s first law of motion(牛顿第一运动定律).
Newton’s first law describes the motion of an isolated object and there is no net force acting on it. In the most general case， a single force acting on a body produces a change in motion. However， when several forces act on a body simultaneously， their effects can compensate one another， with the result that there is no change in motion. When this is the case， the body is said to be in equilibrium. Mathematically， this means a=0， when Fnet=0.Where Fnet is the vector sum of all the forces acting on the body.
This prop?erty of matter， that its motion will not change unless a net force acts on it， is what we call inertia(惯性). Inertia is the property of an object that resists accelera- tion. And Newton’s first law is often called the law of inertia(惯性定律). 1.1.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
The product of the mass of any object times its acceleration is equal to the net force acting on the object . This is Newton’s second law of motion(牛顿第二运动定律).
Fnet=ma (1.1)
That is， if the sum of all forces acting on an object is not zero， then it will be accelerated. The acceleration depends on the net force and on the mass of the object as well.
Notice that this equation says the acceleration is always in the same direction as the net force， although they are very different quantities.
If you think of inertia as the qualitative term for the property of a body that resists acceleration， then mass (a scalar quantity) is the quantitative measure of inertia. If the mass is large， the acceleration produced by a given force will be small.
1.1.3 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every force， or action， there is an equal but opposite force， or reaction. This is Newton’s third law of motion(牛顿第三运动定律).
This law is true for any type of force， including frictional， gravitational， electrical， and magnetic forces. The important thing to realize about this law is that the action force is on one object and the reaction force is on the other. These two forces always act on different objects， so they can never balance each other， or cancel. Only when equal and opposite forces act on the same object can you add them together and then they do balance one another. So in a playground collision， the force on one child can’t cancel the force on the other.
1.2 Rotation of Rigid Bodies
The rigid body(刚体)， a body with a perfectly definite and unchanged shape regardless of the external force， is an idealized model. Therefore， the distance between any two points on a rigid body is always the same.
Rotation(转动) of a rigid body， each point on the rigid body is in circular motion around the same straight line. This line is called the axis of rotation(转轴). If the axis of rotation is fixed， the rotation is called fixed-axis rotation(定轴转动). Fixed-axis rotation of rigid body is the most simple form of rotation.
1.2.1 Angular Displacement， Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
We usually use angular displacement (角位移)q， angular velocity(角速度) w， angular acceleration (角加速度)a and other physical quantity to describe the rotation of rigid body. The relationship among them is as follows
(1.2) For motion a circle， there is a simple relation between w and the velocity v along the circumference. As we know
(1.3) Now differentiating the both sides with respect to t， we have
So
The velocity v is the distance traveled in one second. So
is the number of revolution
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