目录 ContentsApplications for Remanufacturing Problems and Prospects Part I Introduction to the Metal Magnetic Memory (MMM) Technique1 Nondestructive Testing for Remanufacturing 31.1 Motivations 31.2 Conventional Nondestructive Testing Techniques 51.3 MMM Technique 51.4 Organization of This Book 7References 82 Theoretical Foundation of the MMM Technique 92.1 Background 102.2 Microscopic Mechanism 132.3 Macroscopic Theoretical Model 132.3.1 Magnetomechanical Model 172.3.2 Magnetic Charge Model 192.3.3 First Principle Theory 23References 233 State of the Art of the MMM Technique 253.1 Historical Background 253.2 Theoretical Research 263.3 Experimental Research 273.4 Standard Establishment 303.5 Applications for Remanufacturing 313.6 Problems and Prospects 32References 34Part II Detection of Damage in Ferromagnetic Remanufacturing Cores by the MMM Technique 394 Stress Induces MMM Signals 394.1 Intxoductioii 394.2 Variations in the MMM Signals Induced by Static Stress 404.2.1 Under the Elastic Stage 414.2.2 Under the Plastic Stage 424.2.3 Theoretical Analysis 444.3 Variations in the MMM Signals Induced by Cyclic Stress 454.3.1 Under Different Stress Cycle Numbers 464.3.2 Characterization of Fatigue Crack Propagation 494.4 Conclusions 52References 525 Frictional Wear Induces MMM Signals 555.1 Introduction 555.2 Reciprocating Sliding Friction Damage 565.2.1 Variations in the Tribology Parameters During Friction 585.2.2 Variations in the Magnetic Memory Signals Parallel to Sliding 605.2.3 Variations in the Magnetic Memory Signals Normal to Sliding 625.2.4 Relationship Between the Tribology 65Characteristics and Magnetic Signals 665.3 Single Disassembly Friction Damage 685.3.1 Surface Damage and Microstructure Analysis 695.3.2 Variations in the MMM Signals 735.3.3 Damage Evaluation of Disassembly 765.3.4 Verification for Feasibility and Repeatability 805.4 Conclusions 81References 816 Stress Concentration Impacts on MMM Signals 836.1 Introduction 846.2 Stress Concentration Evaluation Based on the Magnetic Dipole Model 846.2.1 Establishment of the Magnetic Dipole Model 866.2.2 Characterization of the Stress Concentration Degree 866.2.3 Contributions of Stress and Discontinuity to MMM Signals 916.3 Stress Concentration Evaluation Based on the Magnetic Dual-Dipole Model 956.3.1 Magnetic Scalar Potential 956.3.2 Magnetic Dipole and Its Scalar Potential 976.3.3 Measurement Process and Results 1006.3.4 Analysis of the Magnetic Scalar Potential 1036.4 Stress Concentration Inversion Method 1106.4.1 Inversion Model of the Stress Concentration Based on the Magnetic Source Distribution 1106.4.2 Inversion of a One-Dimensional Stress Concentration 1126.4.3 Inversion of a Two-Dimensional Stress Concentration 1146.5 Conclusions 114References 1157 Temperature Impacts on MMM Signals 1177.1 Introduction 1177.2 Modified J-A Model Based on Thermal and Mechanical Effects 1177.2.1 Effect of Static Tensile Stress on the Magnetic Field 1187.2.2 Effect of Temperature on the Magnetic Field 1197.2.3 Variation in the Magnetic Field Intensity 1207.3 Measurement of MMM Signals Under Different Temperatures 1217.3.1 Material Preparation 122 7.3.2 Testing Method 1227.4 Variations in MMM Signals with Temperature and Stress 1237.4.1 Normal Component of the Magnetic Signal 1257.4.2 Mean Value of the Normal Component of the Magnetic Signal 1287.4.3 Variation Mechanism of the Magnetic Signals Under Different Temperatures 1307.4.4 Analysis Based on the Proposed Theoretical Model 1317.5 Conclusions 132 References 1328 Applied Magnetic Field Strengthens MMM Signals 1338.1 Introduction 1338.2 MMM Signal Strengthening Effect Under Fatigue Stress 1348.2.1 Variations in the MMM Signals with an Applied Magnetic Field 1358.2.2 Theoretical Explanation Based on the Magnetic Dipole Model 1378.3 MMM Signal Strengthening Effect Under Static Stress 1398.3.1 Magnetic Signals Excited by the Geomagnetic Field 1408.3.2 Magnetic Signals Excited by the Applied Magnetic Field 1428.4 Conclusions 146References 147Part III Evaluation of the Repair Quality of Remanufacturmg Samples by the MMM Technique9 Characterization of Heat Residual Stress During Repair 1519.1 Introduction 1519.2 Preparation of Cladding Coating and Measurement of MMM Signals 1539.2.1 Specimen Preparation 1539.2.2 Measurement Method 1539.2.3 Data Preprocessing 1559.3 Distribution of MMM Signals near the Heat Affected Zone 1569.3.1 Magnetic Signals Parallel to the Cladding Coating 1569.3.2 Magnetic Signals Perpendicular to the Cladding Coating 1579.3.3 Three-Dimensional Spatial Magnetic Signals 1599.3.4 Verification Based on the XRD Method 1619.4 Generation Mechanism of MMM Signals in the Heat Affected Zone 1649.4.1 Microstructure and Phase Transformation 1649.4.2 Microhardness Distribution 1659.5 Conclusions 166References 16710 Detection of Damage in Remanufactured Coating 16910.1 Introduction 16910.2 Cladding Coating and Its MMM Measurement 17010.3 Result and Discussion 17210.3.1 Variations in MMM Signals Under the Fatigue Process 17210.3.2 Comparison of the Magnetic Properties from Different Material Layers 17210.3.3 Microstructure Analysis 17410.4 Conclusions 177References 17811 Detection and Evaluation of Coating Interface Damage 18111.1 Introduction 18111.2 Theoretical Framework 18311.2.1 Fatigue Cohesive Zone Model 18311.2.2 Magnetomechanical Model 18411.2.3 Numerical Algorithm of the Coupling Model 18511.2.4 Calculation of the Magnetic Field Intensity 18611.3 Case Analysis for the Theoretical Model 18611.3.1 Finite Element Model Setup 18611.3.2 Finite Element Simulation Results 18811.3.3 Prediction of Interfacial Crack Initiation 19011.3.4 Prediction of the Interfacial Crack Propagation Behavior 19111.4 Experimental Verification 19411.4.1 MMM Measurement Method 19411.4.2 MMM Signal Analysis 19611.4.3 Interfacial Crack Observation 19811.5 Conclusions 200References 200Part IV Engineering Applications in Remanufacturing12 Detection of Damage of the Waste Drive Axle Housing and Hydraulic Cylinder 20512.1 Introduction 20512.2 Application of MMM in the Evaluation of Fatigue Damage of the Drive Axle Housing 20612.2.1 Relation Between MMM Signals and Fatigue Cycles 20612.2.2 Relation Between MMM Signals and Deformation Degree 20912.3 Application of MMM in the Evaluation of Fatigue Damage of Retired Hydraulic Cylinders 21012.3.1 Threshold Determination Method for Remanufacturability Evaluation 210 12.3.2 Experimental Verification 21212.4 Conclusions 215References 21613 Evaluation of the Repair Quality of Remanufactured Crankshafts 21713.1 Introduction 21713.2 Repair Process in Remanufacturing 21813.3 Evaluation of the Repair Quality of the Remanufactured Coating 21913.3.1 Optimization of the Processing Parameters 21913.3.2 Effect of the Processing Parameters on the Microstructure 22113.3.3 Effect of the Processing Parameters on the Microhardness 22313.3.4 Effect of the Processing Parameters on the Wear Resistance 22313.4 Repair Quality Evaluation Based on MMM Measurement 22313.5 Conclusions 226References 22714 Development of a High-Precision 3D MMM Signal Testing Instrument 22914.1 Introduction 22914.2 Framework of the Detection System 23014.3 Detailed Processes of Instrument Development 23114.3.1 Hardware Design 23114.3.2 Software Design 23214.4 Calibration of Self-developed Instrument 23414.4.1 Static Performance of the Instrument 23414.4.2 Ability to React to the Geomagnetic Field 23514.5 Testing of the Self-developed Instrument 23714.5.1 Testing Method and Process 23714.5.2 Display and Analysis of MMM Signals 23814.6 Comparison of the MMM Testing Instruments 23814.7 Conclusions 240References 240
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