目录 FOREWORD 1 FOREWORD 2 序― 序二 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 WHY WE NEED PARTICPATORY TEACHING AND LEARNING 1.2 WHAT ARE PARTICPATORY TEACHING METHODS 1.3 ТHE WHY OF THIS GUIDE 1.3.1 Participatory teaching is still far from common practice 1.3.2 Origin and added value of this guide 1.3.3 Needs addressed by this guide 1.4 FOR WHOM IS THIS GUIDE 1.5 CONTENT OF THIS GUIDE 1.6 HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE 1.7 A NOTE ON STYLE, GENDER AND JARGON 1.8 HOW WE ATTRIBUTED CREDITS PART Ⅰ INSTITUTIONALISING PARTICIPATORY TEACHING & LEARNING IN YOUR SCHOOL 2 CREATING AN ENABLING SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT 2.1 PROMOTING PARTICIPATORY TEACHING REQUIRES JOINT ACTION OF ALL ACTORS INVOLVED 2.2 WHICH INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCE THE USE OF PARTICIPATORY TEACHING METHODS? 2.2.1 The school communitys culture 2.2.2 School policies, organisational arrangements, and resources 2.2.3 Government policies, regulations, and standards 2.3 MOTIVATING TEACHERS 2.4 MOTIVATING STUDENTS 2.5 BEST PRACTICES TO MAINSTREAM PARTICIPATORY TEACHING 3 ENHANCING PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES FOR PARTICIPATORY TEACHING 3.1 COMPETENCIES NEEDED FOR PARTICIPATORY TEACHING 3.2 HOW TO DEVELOP THESE COMPETENCIES 3.2.1 What teachers can do 3.2.2 What school leaders can do 3.3 AN NTRODUCTORY TEACHER TRANNG WORKSHOP ON PARTICIPATORY TEACHING AND LEARNING PART Ⅱ PUTTING PARTICIPATORY TEACHING & LEARNING INTO PRACTICE 4 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR YOUR CHOICE OF PARTICIPATORY TEACHINC METHODS 4.1 WHAT ARE THE LEARNING GOALS THAT THE METHODS NEED TO HELP ACHIEVE? 4.2 WHAT LEARNING PROCESSES MUST STUDENTS PERFORM TO ACHIEVE THESE LEARNING GOALS? 4.3 WHAT TEACHING METHODS PROMOTE THESE LEARNING PROCESSES? 5 TAKE A NEW LOOK AT YOUR COURSESLEARNING GOALS AND THE WAY TO ACHIEVE THEM 5.1 FORMULATING STUDENT-CENTRED LEARNING GOALS FOR YOUR COURSES 5.2 CLASSIFYING AND ORGANISING YOUR COURSESLEARNING GOALS BASED ON COMPLEXITY 5.2.1 The knowledge dimension 5.2.2 The cognitive process dimension 5.3 INTEGRATING THE ACHIEVEMENT OF LOWER-AND HIGHER ORDER LEARNING GOALS 5.4 COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY IS TRIGGERED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUESTIONS 5.5 INCLUDING TRANSVERSAL COMPETENCIES IN YOUR COURSES LEARNING GOALS 6 HOW STUDENTS LEARN-IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING 6.1 GETTING YOU THINKING ABOUT LEARNING 6.2 THE ROLE OF "KNOWLEDGE LEARNED FROM EXPERIENCE" IN FORMAL EDUCATION 6.3 LEARNING LOWER-ORDER AND HIGHER-ORDER THINKING NEED TO GO HAND IN HAND 6.4 THE NEED FOR ACTIVE LEARNING-HELPING STUDENTS TO TAKE CONTROL OF THEIR OWN LEARNING 6.5 STUDENTS HAVE DIFFERENT LEARNING STYLES 6.6 STUDENTS GREATLY BENEFIT FROM MUTUAL LEARNING IN A CHALLENGING, SECURE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT 6.7 WHEN AND HOW STUDENTS LEARN FROM LECTURES-AND WHEN NOT 6.8 BASIC EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING 6.9 CONTRASTING TWO APPROACHES TO TEACHING AND LEARNNG 7 INTEGRATING PARTICIPATORY TEACHING METHODS INTO YOUR TEACHING 7.1 HOW TO STUDY THIS CHAPTER 7.2 OUR COLLECTION OF PARTICIPATORY TEACHING METHODS AT YOUR CHOICE 7.2.1 How we selected the methods 7.2.2 Format and presentation of the methods 7.2.3 How we categorised and ordered the methods 7.3 STEP-BY-STEP: FROM USING SIMPLE TO COMPLEX TEACHING METHODS Step 1-Getting to know your students and their expectations Step 2-Making your lecture or demonstration interactive Step 3-Socratic questioning: An inductive method of interactive lecturing Step 4-Having students work in pairs Step 5-Discussing with the whole class Step 6- Using play-based methods Step 7-Using small group discussion methods and developing the needed skills and attitudes Step 8-Cooperative learning 7.4 MORE SOURCES OF PARTICIPATORY TEACHING METHODS PART Ⅲ SELECTED PARTICIPATORY TEACHING METHODS GETTING TO KNOW YOUR STUDENTS AND THEIR EXPECTATIONS TM#1 "VOTING WITH ONES FEET TM#2 COURSE EXPECTATIONS PIE CHART MAKING YOUR LECTURE OR DEMONSTRATION INTERACTIVE TM#3 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR INTERACTIVE LECTURES TM#4 ONE-MINUTE-PAPER TM#5 CLARIFICATION PAUSES TM#6 ACTIVE LISTENING FOCUSED ON RELEVANCE AND USEFULNESS TM#7 THE RECURRING QUESTION IN A LECTURE TM#8 ASKING CLOSED QUESTIONS, POLLING AND DISCUSSING RESPONSES TM#9 KNOWN-CURIOUS-SAVED TM#10 INTERACTIVE DEMONSTRATION TM#11 SOCRATIC QUESTIONING WORKING IN PAIRS TM#12 HOW TO FORM PAIRS TM#13 THINK-PAIR-SHARE TM#14 THINKING ALOUD PAIR PROBLEM SOLVING DISCUSSING WITH THE WHOLE CLASS TM#15 FORUM DISCUSSION TM#16 DEBATE BETWEEN ADVOCATES AND OPPONENTS PLAY-BASED METHODS TM#17 ROLE-PLAY DEVELOPING SKILLS FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF GROUP DISCUSSION METHODS TM#18 SUMMARISE WHAT THE PREVIOUS SPEAKER SAID TM#19 GIVING SOUND SUBSTANTIVE FEEDBACK TM#20 SETTING NORMS FOR GIVING AND RECEIVING CONSTRUCTIVE FEEDBACK TM#21 DISCOVERING THE GENERIC PROCESS NEEDED TO REALISE A GROUP PRODUCT TM#22 RECOGNISING EACH OTHERS PREFERRED ROLES IN GROUP WORK DISCUSSING AND WORKING IN SMALL GROUPS TM#23 HOW TO FORM SMALL DISCUSSION GROUPS TM#24 PRESENTING AND DISCUSSING RESULTS OF SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS TM#25 CARROUSEL TM#26 STRUCTURED GROUP DISCUSSION ON COURSE MATERIAL TM#27 DISCUSSING IN SILENCE BY WRITING ON BOARDS TM#28 BRAINSTORMING WITH CARDS, FOLLOWED BY ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS TM#29 PROBLEM SOLVING DISCUSSION TM#30 JIGSAW WORKING IN PERMANENT TEAMS TM#31 COOPERATIVE LEARNING ANNEX 1 ANSWER KEY FOR EXERCISE 2.4 ANNEX 2 EXAMPLES OF SOCRATIC QUESTIONING ANNEX 3 ANSWER KEY FOR EXERCISE 5.2 ANNEX 4 A NEW SYMBOLIC SYSTEM TO WRITE CYPHERS GLOSSARY BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Activity areas of participatory teaching Table 3.2 Closure of group reflection on differences between the lectured course and the cooperative learning course Table 5.1 Teacher-centred teaching goals versus student-centred learning goals Table 5.2 Questions to develop or test ability to perform different cognitive processes Table 6.1 Contrasting two approaches to teaching and learning Table 7.1 Questions for different phases of your lesson Table TM22.1 The eight preferred roles in group work Table TM31.1 Spreadsheet to calculate adjustment factors and individual final grades LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Institutional factors influencing the use of participatory teaching methods in higher education Figure 2.2 Examples of aligned and non-aligned courses Figure 3.1 Overall workshop format, objectives, activities and intermediate results Figure 3.2 Flower-image planted on a field with heterogeneous conditions Figure 3.3 General principles for effective teaching and learning Figure 3.4 Mood barometer Figure 4.1 Basic considerations for your choice of teaching methods Figure 5.1 The two dimensions of the complexity of learning goals Figure 5.2 Ladder of cognitive processes used in formulating learning goals Figure 5.3 Factual knowledge and understanding are best learned within the context of practising higher-order thinking Figure 6.1 New symbols to write numbers Figure 6.2 Kolbs experiential learning cycle Figure 7.1 Format of the presentation of teaching methods in Part Ⅲ Figure 7.2 Students reviewing the visualisation of their group discussion Figure TM2.1 What teachers hoped to learn from a course on PTM Figure TM8.1 Example of a closed question aimed to reveal a common misconception Figure TM12.1 Relocating students: Half the students change places Figure TM12.2 Relocating students by counting off Figure TM15.1 Classroom arrangement for a forum discussion Figure TM16.1 Scorecard for debate between advocates and opponents Figure TM21.1 Example of a flowchart of the generic steps of group work processes aimed at producing a joint product Figure TM21.2 Group reflection flipchart Figure TM25.1 Carrousel group in a lecture hall with fixed benches Figure TM28.1 Mind-map on indicators of enterprise sustainability Figure TM30.1 Schematic representation of the jigsaw process Figure TM31.1 Self-profile and peer-profiles are in accordance Figure TM31.2 Peer-profiles are in accordance but differ from self-profile Figure TM31.3 Peer-profiles differ among themselves and from self-profile LIST OF BOXES Box 1.1 Competencies needed in a changing world Box 2.1 Challenges that teachers face in introducing the use of participatory teaching methods Box 2.2 A school communitys culture is a living thing. It can be changed! Box 2.3 The importance of alignment for the learning process Box 2.4 Research masters students appreciate participatory teaching methods Box 5.1 Points of attention when using the Revised Blooms Taxonomy Box 5.2 Dutch children learn to practise higher-order c
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