目录 Foreword xi I Introduction Nature and Scope of Planetary Science 1 Guide to the Literature 3 Numbers in Science 4 Dimensions and Units 5 Exercises 6 II Astronomical Perspective Introduction 7 Distance Scales in the Universe 7 The Big Bang 10 Limitations on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis 14 Galaxy and Star Formation 15 Structure and Classification of Galaxies 16 Classification of Stars 18 Stellar Evolution 25 Star Clusters 27 Stellar Origins 29 Outline of Star Formation 33 Stellar Explosions and Nucleosynthesis 34 Nuclear Cosmochronology 43 Exercises 47 III General Description of the Solar System Introduction 50 The Sun 50 Orbits of the Planets 52 Changes in Orbital Motion 57 Properties of the Planets 58 Mass and Angular Momentum Distribution 59 Satellites 63 Asteroids 69 Comets 71 Meteors 72 Meteorites 72 Cosmic Dust 73 Cosmic Rays 73 Planetary Science in the Space Age 74 vii Summary 76 Exercises 76 IV The Sun and the Solar Nebula Introduction 77 Energy Production in the Sun 77 Energy Transport in the Sun 79 Internal Structure of the Sun 83 Surface of the Sun 84 The Chromosphere 87 The Corona 88 Discovery of the Solar Wind 90 Radio Wave Propagation in Space Plasmas 91 The Solar Wind 92 Chemistry of Solar Material 96 Ionization 97 Dissociation and Molecule Formation 100 Hydrogen and the Rare Gases 101 Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen 102 Magnesium and Silicon 105 Iron 106 Sulfur 107 Aluminum and Calcium 108 Sodium and Potassium 109 Nickel and Cobalt 110 Phosphorus and the Halogens 111 Geochemical Classification of the Elements 111 The Chemistry of Rapid Accretion 116 Kinetic Inhibition 117 Mass and Density of the Solar Nebula 118 Thermal Opacity in the Solar Nebula 121 Dust Opacity 129 Thermal Structure of the Nebula 131 Turbulence and Dust Sedimentation 134 Accretion of Rocks, Planetesimals, and Planets 136 Gas Capture from the Solar Nebula 138 The T Tauri Phase 141 Thermal History of the Early Solar System 143 Exercises 144 V The Major Planets Introduction 147 Interiors of Jupiter and Saturn: Data 148 Isothermal Interior Models of Jupiter and Saturn 151 Thermal Models of Jupiter and Saturn 154 The Atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn: Observed Composition 156 Tropospheric Composition and Structure: Theory 159 Cloud Condensation in the NH3–H2O–H2S System 165 Cloud Physics on the Jovian Planets 174 Galileo Perspectives on Jovian Clouds 179 Ion Production in the Jovian Atmosphere 180 Visible and Infrared Radiative Transfer 183 Horizontal Structure and Atmospheric Circulation 187 Photochemistry and Aeronomy 200 The Jovian Thermosphere 217 Radiophysics and Magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn 218 The Interiors of Uranus and Neptune 229 Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune 238 Perspectives 247 Exercises 247 VI Pluto and the Icy Satellites of the Outer Planets Introduction 252 Surfaces of Icy Satellites 253 Eclipse Radiometry 256 Surface Temperatures 257 Surface Morphology of the Galilean Satellites 258 Density and Composition of Icy Satellites 265 Internal Thermal Structure of Galilean Satellites 267 Dynamical Interactions of the Galilean Satellites 272 Thermal and Tectonic Evolution of Icy Satellites 275 Minor Satellites of Jupiter 278 Planetary Rings 280 Titan 289 The Intermediate-Sized Saturnian Satellites 293 Minor Satellites of Saturn 296 Satellites of Uranus 299 Satellites of Neptune 303 The Pluto–Charon System 308 The Neptune–Pluto Resonance 311 Spacecraft Exploration 311 Exercises 312 VII Comets and Meteors Historical Perspectives 317 Nature and Nomenclature of Comets 319 Cometary Orbits 321 Heating by Passing Stars 325 Evaporation and Nongravitational Forces 326 The Nucleus and Coma of P/Halley 328 Chemistry and Photochemistry of Water 328 Further Chemical Processes in the Coma and Tail 332 Behavior of Small Particles 333 Dynamical Behavior of Dust in Space 334 Meteors 336 Cometary Fireballs 343 Cometary Impacts on Jupiter 344 Exercises 347 VIII Meteorites and Asteroids Introduction 350 Introduction to Meteorites 350 Meteorite Orbits 353 Phenomena of Fall 355 Physical Properties of Meteorites 358 Meteorite Minerals 362 Taxonomy and Composition of Chondrites 362 Metamorphic Grades of Chondrites 367 Taxonomy and Composition of Achondrites 369 Taxonomy and Composition of Stony-Irons 371 Taxonomy and Composition of Irons 372 Isotopic Composition of Meteorites 375 Genetic Relationships between Meteorite Classes 382 Introduction to Asteroids 384 Asteroid Orbits 386 Stability of Trojan and Plutino Orbits 389 Sizes, Shapes, and Albedos of Asteroids 391 Masses and Densities of Asteroids 393 Photometry and Spectroscopy of Asteroids 394 Thermal Evolution of Asteroids 401 Dynamical Evolution of the Asteroid Belt 406 Centaurs and Trans-Neptunian Objects 409 Relationships among Asteroids, Meteorites, and Comets 412 Radar Observations of Near-Earth Asteroids 415 Asteroid Resources 416 Exercises 419 IX The Airless Rocky Bodies: Io, Phobos, Deimos, the Moon, and Mercury Introduction 424 Orbits and Physical Structure of Phobos and Deimos 426 Io: General Properties 430 Io: Surface Processes 430 Io: Internal Energy Sources 432 Io: Geology 433 Io: Atmospheric and Volcanic Gases 435 Io: Escape and the Plasma Torus 437 Io: Genetic Relationships 438 Impact Cratering 438 Motions of the Moon 443 Physical Properties of the Moon 445 Elemental Composition of the Moon’s Surface 445 Lunar Rock Types 447 Lunar Minerals 449 Lunar Elemental Abundance Patterns 451 Geology of the Moon 451 Geophysics of the Moon 452 History of the Earth–Moon System 456 Origin and Internal Evolution of the Moon 458 Solar Wind Interaction with the Moon and Mercury 460 The Planet Mercury 461 Motions of Mercury 461 Composition and Structure of Mercury 462 Noncrater Geology of Mercury 463 Geophysics of Mercury 463 Atmospheres of Mercury and the Moon 468 Polar Deposits on Mercury and the Moon 469 Unfinished Business 472 Exercises 474 X The Terrestrial Planets: Mars, Venus, and Earth Introduction 477 Mars 478 Motions of Mars 479 Density and Figure of Mars 479 Geophysical Data on Mars 481 Gravity and Tectonics of Mars 483 Geology of Mars 483 Surface Composition 496 Viking Lander Investigations 503 The Shergottite, Nakhlite, and Chassignite Meteorites 505 Atmospheric Structure 508 Atmospheric Circulation 509 Atmospheric Composition 510 Photochemical Stability and Atmospheric Escape 513 Explosive Blowoff 519 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere 519 Organic Matter and the Origin of Life 522 Venus 524 Motions and Dynamics of Venus 526 Geophysical Data on Venus 526 Geology of Venus 528 Venus: Atmospheric Structure and Motions 534 Venus: Atmospheric Composition 537 Venus: Atmosphere–Lithosphere Interactions 539 Venus: Photochemistry and Aeronomy 543 Venus: Atmospheric Escape 547 Venus: Planetary Evolution 549 Earth 550 Earth: Motions 551 Earth: Internal Structure 552 Earth: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere 554 Earth: Surface Geology 554 Earth: Early Geological History 557 Earth: Biological History 559 Earth: Geochemistry and Petrology 563 Weathering in the Rock Cycle 566 Earth: Atmospheric Composition and Cycles 568 Radiocarbon Dating 573 Stable Isotope Climate Records 574 Photochemistry and Aeronomy 575 Escape and Infall 575 Climate History, Polar Ice, and Ice Ages 579 Life: Origins 582 Life: Stability of the Biosphere 587 Exercises 588 XI Planets and Life around Other Stars Chemical and Physical Prerequisites of Life 592 The Planetary Environment 595 The Stellar Environment 597 Brown Dwarfs 600 The Search for Planets of Other Stars 603 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence 606 Exercises 608 XII Future Prospects Mercury 611 Venus 612 Earth’s Moon 612 Mars 613 Asteroids 614 Jupiter 615 Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune 615 Pluto 615 Comets 616 Beyond the Solar System 616 Appendix I: Equilibrium Thermodynamics 621 Heat and Work 621 Adiabatic Processes and Entropy 622 Useful Work and the Gibbs Free Energy 623 Chemical Equilibrium 623 Exact and Complete Differentials 624 The Maxwell Relations 625 Appendix II: Absorption and Emission of Radiation by Quantum Oscillators 626 Appendix III: Exploration of the Solar System 629 Appendix IV: Basic Physical Constants 634 Appendix V: Gravity Fields 635 Suggested Readings Introduction 637 Chapter I–Introduction 637 Chapter II–Astronomical Perspective 637 Chapter III–General Description of the Solar System 638 Chapter IV–The Sun and the Solar Nebula 638 Chapter V–The Major Planets 638 Chapter VI–Pluto and the Icy Satellites of the Outer Planets 639 Chapter VII–Comets and Meteors 639 Chapter VIII–Meteorites and Asteroids 639 Chapter IX–The Airless Rocky Bodies: Io, Phobos, Deimos, the Moon, and Mercury 640 Chapter X–The Terrestrial Planets: Mars, Venus, and Earth 640 Chapter XI–Planets and Life around Other Stars 641 Chapter XII–Future Prospects 642 Index 643
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