1 The Major Problems Associated with Rubber Trees Diseases in the World at Present 001 1.1 Occurrence and control of important diseases 001 1.2 Leaf diseases of rubber tree 004 1.3 3 Stem Diseases of rubber tree 009 1.4 Root diseases of rubber tree 012 2 Cassava Diseases and Their Management 021 2.1 World cassava industry 021 2.2 2 China cassava industry and disease 021 2.3 3 Cassava diseases and their management 022 3 Control for the Diseases of Banana & Mango in China 045 3.1 1 Major diseases of banana 046 3.2 2 Major diseases of mango 048 4 Fusarium Wilt Disease and Virus Disease of Banana 061 4.1 1 Banana Fusarium wilt disease 061 4.2 2 Banana virus disease 065 5 Postharvest Diseases of Banana and Their Control 069 5.1 1 Banana crown rot 069 5.2 2 Banana anthrocnose 072 5.3 3 Cigar end rot 073 5.4 Black end 074 5.5 5 Botryodiplodia fruit rot 074 5.6 6 Chilling injury 074 5.7 7 Integrated management practices 075 6 Sisal Zebra Disease 077 6.1 1 Distribution and harm 077 6.2 Symptoms 077 6.3 Pathogens 078 6.4 The infection cycle 079 6.5 Epidemic rules 080 6.6 6 Disease control technology 080 6.7 7 Sisal plant diseases —sisal anthracnose disease 084 6.8 Purple curving leaf disease of sisal 085 6.9 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley 087 7 Soybean Diseases and Their Integrated Management 095 7.1 1 Introduction 095 7.2 2 Phytophthora root rot 100 7.3 Sclerotinia stem rot 101 7.4 Soybean cyst nematode 105 7.5 5 Rhizoctonia root rot 110 7.6 Fusarium root rot 111 7.7 Anthracnose 112 7.8 Downy mildew 113 7.9 Virus complex 114 8 Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables 119 8.1 Definition and theory of IPM 119 8.2 Problems and Strategies on Pest Management 122 8.3 Tactics and technological tools of IPM 124 8.4 Reasonable application of insecticides 129 8.5 5 Case Analysis and Examples 133 9 Important Cassava Insect and Its Management 141 9.1 1 Introduction to cassava insect pests 141 9.2 2 Cassava mites 141 9.3 3 Cassava mealybug 143 9.4 Spiraling whitefly 144 9.5 Bemisia whitefly 145 9.6 White grubs 145 9.7 7 IPM of cassava pests 146 10 Major Diseases and Insect Pests of Sugarcane and Their Management 149 10.1 roduction of sugarcan disease 149 10.2 roduction to sugarcane insect pests 155 10.3 Leafhopper: Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy 173 10.4 Soil-borne pests: Dorysthenes granulosus 175 10.5 of sugarcane pest control strategy 177 11 Control Techniques on Main Pests of Rubber Tree 189 11.1 Control Techniques on Parasaissetia nigra 189 11.2 Prevention and Control Techniques on Eotetranychus sexmaculatus 192 11.3 Prevention and Control Techniques on Rubber borers 194 12 Management of Fruit Fly 201 12.1 roduction 201 12.2 rategies for integrated management of fruit fly 202 12.3 Conclusion 209 13 Managing Invasive Pests in Hainan (Learning from Brontispa longissima ) 211 13.1 roduction 211 13.2 osis 213 13.3 stribution 214 13.4 Damage symptoms and impact 216 13.5 cology 217 13.6 Control 219 13.7 scussion 226 14 Weed Management in Rubber Tree Plantations and Tropical Agricultural Systems 231 14.1 Weed and weed science 231 14.2 oxiousness of weeds 232 14.3 Benefits of weeds 232 14.4 Weed species in rubber tree plantations 232 14.5 oxious weeds in tropical rubber tree plantations 233 14.6 gement of weeds in tropical plantations 233
内容摘要 Background: Rubber trees and rubber diseases & pests in China. Rubber trees are very important cash crops, contributing a lot to the welfare of local economies. However, rubber trees have been only spreading over the tropical belt of Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan and Guangxi provinces. The annual production of natural rubber inChina is only 600, 000 t, which is far below the national needs of China for rubber.Rubber tree is attacked by more than 91 diseases and 182 mites or insects, some of which have caused large economic losses. Through the hard work of the scientific staff, achievements have been made on the occurrence and control of diseases and pests, which contributed a lot to the rubber industry in China.
Current states of pests on rubber trees and its management in China. Based on
our survey, four top economic important rubber tree diseases in China are Powdery Mildew (Oidium heveae), Anthrocnose[Colletrichum gloeosporioides (imperfect stage), Glomerela cingulata (perfect stage), C. acutatum], Brown bast (Tapping Panel dryness) and Root disease [Ganoderma pseudoferreum (Red Root Disease), Phellinus noxius (Brown Root Disease), Poria hypobrunnea (Black root disease), Rigidoporus linosus (white Root Disease), Helicobasidium compctum (purple Root Disease)]. Other main plant diseases on rubber include black strip, anthracnose, tapping panel dryness, abnormal leaf fall, Bint’s eye spot, pink disease, Periconia leaf spot and so on.1.1 1 Occurrence and control of important diseases1.1.1 mildewThe study on the biological characteristics of the pathogen and epidemiology ofReference Materials for Control of Important Tropical Crop Diseases and Insect Peststhe disease began in 1954. At that time, epidemic process, suitable epidemic condition, and epidemic structure of the disease were studied, and epidemic zone was determined to give guidance to the prevention and cure of the disease. Since 1960, short forecastbased on gross incidence of the disease as well as incidence on young leaves was widely applied. In Hainan, spore trapping method-based forecast was also used for con- trol guidance. In Yunnan, a research project on “epidemiology and forecast of powdery mildew diseases on rubber in mountain area” was carried out, according to the results of which it was put out that weather condition during the period of young leaves was the main index for short-time forecast. As to the control method, sulphur powder with particle size of 200 pores was applied during the emerging of new leaves in Hainan in1960, and 15 kilo sulphur powder was applied per ha. per time,every 7 days duringthe seasons, the sulphur powder was applied once and the total application was 3– 5 times. After improvement, the control method changed to apply 9–12 kilogram sulphur powder with particle size of 325 pores per ha. per time with the interval of 7 – 14 days. During 1977 and 1978, rubber farms in west Hainan received sulphur powder application from the airplane, and since 1984, triadimefon smog had been applied. In Yunnan, effective control was achieved by alternative application of sulphur powder and triadimefon.1.1.2 Root diseases
Root diseases include red root, brown root, purple root, black strip root, stinking root and black root with the first three occurred most frequently. The pathogen originated from the infected trunk before plantation. The earliest control method was to isolate the trees f
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