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作者金小庆[等著]
出版社科学出版社
ISBN9787030721631
出版时间2021-02
装帧平装
开本16开
定价78元
货号11732189
上书时间2024-12-16
Chapter 1
Linear Systems and Matrices
“No beginner’s course in mathematics can do without linear algebra,”
—Lars Garding
“Matrices act They don’t just sit there.”
—Gilbert Strang
Solving linear systems (a system of linear equations) is the most important problem of linear algebra and possibly of applied mathematics as well. Usually, information in a linear system is often arranged into a rectangular array, called a “matrix”. The matrix is particularly important in developing computer programs to solve linear systems with huge sizes because computers are suitable to manage numerical data in arrays. Moreover, matrices are not only a simple tool for solving linear systems but also mathematical objects in their own right. In fact, matrix theory has a variety of applications in science, engineering, and mathematics. Therefore, we begin our study on linear systems and matrices in the first chapter.
1.1 Introduction to Linear Systems and Matrices
Let IR denote the set of real numbers. We now introduce linear equations, linear systems, and matrices.
1.1.1 Linear equations and linear systems
We consider
where are coefficients,are variables (unknowns), n is a positive integer, and 6 G R is a constant. An equation of this form is called a Zinear equation, in which all variables occur to the first power., the linear equation is called a homogeneous linear equation. A sequence of numbers si, sn is called a solution of the equation if,xn = sn such that
The set of all solutions of the equation is called the solution set of the equation.
In the book, we always use example(s) to make our points clear.
Example We consider the following linear equations:
(a)
(b)
It is easy to see that the solution set of (a) is a line in xy-plane and the solution set of (b) is a plane in xyz-space.
We next consider the following m linear equations in n variables:
(1-1)
where are coefficients,are variables, and bi are constants. A system of linear equations in this form is called a linear system. A sequence of numbers si,is called a solution of the system if,is a solution of each equation in the system. A linear system is said to be consistent if it has at least one solution.Otherwise, a linear system is said to be inconsistent if it has no solution.
Example Consider the following linear system
The graphs of these equations are lines called li and We have three possible cases of lines l\ and I2 in xy-plane. See Figure 1.1.
When l\ and I2 are parallel, there is no solution of the system.
When li and I2 intersect at only one point, there is exactly one solution of the system.
When l1 and I2 coincide, there are infinitely many solutions of the system.
Figure 1.1
1.1.2 Matrices
The term matrix was first introduced by a British mathematician James Sylvester in the 19th century. Another British mathematician Arthur Cayley developed basic algebraic operations on matrices in the 1850s. Up to now, matrices have become the language to know.
Definition A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers. The numbers in the array are called the entries in the matrix.
Remark The size of a matrix is described in terms of the number of rows and columns it contains. Usually, a matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m x n matrix. If A is an m x n matrix, then we denote the entry in row i and column j of A by the symbol (A)ij = a々.Moreover, a matrix with real entries will be called a real matrix and the set of all m x n real matrices will be denoted by the symbol Rmxn. For instance, a matrix A in IRmxn can be written as
where G IR for any i and j. When compactness of notation is desired, the preceding matrix can be written as
We now introduce some important matrices with special sizes. A row matrix is a general 1 x n matrix a given by
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