目录 导读 iii Abbreviations xx Series Editors’ note xxiv Acknowledgements xxxiii Notes on contributors xxxvi 1 Introduction 1 Lynda Taylor 2 Test taker characteristics 42 Mark Elliott 3 Cognitive validity 89 John Field 4 Context validity 178 Mark Elliott and Judith Wilson 5 Scoring validity 284 Ardeshir Geranpayeh 6 Consequential validity 320 Roger Hawkey 7 Criterion-related validity 355 Gad S. Lim and Hanan Khalifa 8 Conclusions and recommendations 376 Lynda Taylor and Ardeshir Geranpayeh Appendix A:Sample Listening tasks at five levels 399 Appendix B:Candidate Information Sheet (CIS) 450 Appendix C:Standard procedures for the production of Listeningtest materials 452 Appendix D:Administrative setting and management of Listeningtests 459 Appendix E:Cambridge ESOL staff induction worksheet on theCEFR 469 References 471 Subject Index 498
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