Contents Preface xix CHAPTER1 Introduction Introduction The Need for Enhanced Services The Past The Future Has Become the Present Goals of the Emerging Communications Technologies LAN Interconnectivity A Brief Summary Need for Greater Communications Capacity LAN and WAN Internetworking Costs of Connecting Dispersed LANs The Virtual Private Network (VPN) Proposed Solutions The Confusion Factor Fast Relay Systems Trends in Technology Hardware and Software New Technologies: To Use Them or Not to Use Them? Broadband Networks Broadband Signaling Hierarchies Applications Supported by the New Technologies New Technologies: Competitive or Complementary? Performance and Distance Considerations Obtaining Services for the Networks: Bandwldth on Demand Where Services are Provided Layered Architectures of the Emerging Technologies Summary CHAPTER2 Foundations for the Emerging Technologies Introduction Virtual Circuits A Brief Digression Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) Switehed Virtual Circuit (SVC) or Connection on Demand Semi-permanent Virtual Circuits (SPVC) Connection-oriented and Connectionless Systems Connection-orientated Systems Connectionless Systems The Pros and Cons The Coexistence of Connection-oriented Systems and Connectionless Systems Variable Bit Rate (VBR) and Constant Bit Rate (CBR) Applications VBR Applications CBR Applications Flow Control and Congestion Management Explicit Flow Control Implicit Flow Control No Flow Control User Payload Integrity Management Layered Protocols and Protocol Data Units Addressing and Identification Schemes Multiplexing Methodologies Switching, Routing, and Relaying Source and Non-source Routing Fixed and Adaptive Routing Network Interfaces Convergence, Segmentation, and Reassembly Operations Summary CHAPTER3 Emerged Technologies Introduction T1/E1 CARRIER Systems The Purpose of Tl and El "Typical" Topology Tl and El Layers T1/EI PDUs Conclusions on T1/E1 X.25 The Purpose of X.25 Typical Topology X.25 Layers X.25 PDUs Other Noteworthy Aspects of X.25 Conclusions on X.25 ISDN The Purpose of ISDN Typical Topology ISDN Layers ISDN PDUs Conclusions on ISDN Signaling System Number 7 (SS7) The Purpose of (SS7) Typical Topology 887 Layers 887 PDUs Conclusions on 887 FDDI The Purpose of FDDI Typical Topology The FDDI Layers FDDIPDUs Other Notable Aspects of FDDI Conclusion on FDDI Summary CHAPTER4 Frame Relay Introduction The Purpose of Frame Relay Pertinent Standards Typical Frame Relay Topology The Frame Relay Layers Frame Relay and Its Relationship to ISDN Layers OSI and ANSI Layers The Frame Relay Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Frame Relay Operations in More Detail The Frame Relay Core Functions The Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) Frame Relay Link Layer Error Checking Potential Congestion Problems Traffic Management Consolidated Link Layer Management (CLLM) The Discard Eligibility Bit Committed Information Rate Leaking CIR and Fast Forward CIR Classes of Service Using Bc and Be DLCIs in More Detail The Frame Relay Network-to-Network Interface (NNI) NNI Operations Bellcore Exchange Access FR (XA-FR) PVC Service Other Notable Aspects of Frame Relay DLCI Values Added Options to Frame Relay The Local Management Interface (LMI) Frame Relay SVC Operations Other Quality of Service (QOS) Options Internetworking Frame Relay and ATM Multiprotocol Operations over Frame Relay The Frame Relay MIB Frame Relay Worksheet Summary CHAPTER5 Fast and Swltched Ethernet Introduction Generations of LANs First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Switched Ethemet Switched Ethernet Architecture Store and Forward and Cut-through Switches 1 Virtual LANs Fast Ethernet IOOBASET AnyLAN Fast/Switched Ethernet Worksheet Summary CHAPTER6 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) Introduction The Purpose of a MAN Pertinent Standards A Typical MAN Topology Topology Reconfiguration with Self-Healing Networks The MAN Layers MAN Protocol Data Units (PDUs) MAN Operations in More Detail The Access Unit (AU) Overview of the DQDB Protocol DQDB Counters Location Discovery Segmentation and Encapsulation Operations Other Notable Aspects of the MAN MAN Summary Introduction to SMDS The Purpose of SMDS Pertinent Standards A Typical SMDS Topology SMDS Layers SMDS Protocol Data Units SMDS Operations in More Detail Defining and Measuring Congestion The Sustained Information Rate (SIR) and Access Classes SIP Segmentation and Encapsu!lation Functions SNI Quality of Service (QOS) Operations The Interchange Carrier Interface (ICI) Quality of Service (QOS) Objectives Other Notable Aspects of SMDS SMDS Address Management Operations The ISSI The Operations System/Network Element (OS/NE) Interface (Operations Technology) The SMDS MIB MAN/SMDS Worksheet SMDS Summary CHAPTER7 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 1 Introduction The Purpose ot ATM Pertinent Standards An ATM Topology The VPI and VCI Labels ATM Layers ATM and the B-ISDN Model ATM Protocol Data Units (Cells) ATM Operations in More Detail Physical Layer Interfaces ATM over Copper Rationale for the Cell Size Network Transparency Operations 202 ATM Labels Multiplexing VCIs and VPIs ATM Connections on Demand ATM Switching Classes of Traffic AAL Types Traffic Management in an ATM Network ATM Forum and ITU-T Traffic Control and Congestion Control The ATM B-ISDN Intercarrier Interface (B-ICI) Physical Layer Requirements at the B-ICI Traffic Management at the B-IC! Reference Traffic Loads B-ICI Layer Management Operations Other Notable Aspects of ATM Addressing in an ATM Network Network Management The ATM MIB ATM Worksheet Summary CHAPTER8 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)/ Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Introduction Purpose of SONET/SDH Synchronous Networks Pertinent Standards Typical SONET/SDH Topology SONET/SDH Layers SONET/SDH in More Detail Automatic Protection Switohing (APS) ; The SDH Multiplexing Structure Payloads and Envelopes Payload Pointers Examples of Payload Mapping Mapping and Multiplexing Operations Error Checking, Diagnostics, and Restoration The Control Headers and Fields SONET/SDH Equipment Other Notable Aspects of SONET/SDH Operation Administration and Maintenance (OAM) Operations Progress in SONET/SDH Penetration SONET/SDH Worksheet Summary CHAPTER9 Mobile Communications Technologies Introduction The Purpose of Mobile Communications Systems 7 Typical Cellular Systems Topology Cellular Systems Operations in More Detail Cellular System Types and Market Penetration 3 GSM GSM Interfaces Call Routing Location Updating GSM 900/DC1800: Foundation for PCS 1900 (TDMA) CDMA: A New Arrival into the Commercial Mobile, Wireless World TDMA versus CDMA Cordless Systems Operations in More Detail CT2 DECT Other Standardization Efforts for PCS The Auctions in the U.S. and the PCS Marketplace 31 Candidates for PCS Technologies The Cellular Digital Data Packet System Specification (CDPD) CDPD Services and Servers Third-Generation Mobile Systems Some Concluding Thoughts Mobile Communications Systems Worksheet Mobile Communications Summary CHAPTER10 Residential Broadband Introduction The Problem with the Subscriber Loop The Proposed Solutions: Two Interlocking Approaches, Coding/Modulation and Wiring How Much Bandwidth Is Needed to Satisfy the Subscriber? Downstream Bandwidth Upstream Bandwidth Beyond the Coding/Modulation and Wiring: Service Provisions Switohed Digital Video (SDV) Coding and Modulation HDSL ADSL Wiring at the Local Loop: Subscriber Loop Options Hybrid/fiber Copper (HFCop) Hybrid/fiber Coax (HFC) Fiber to the Curb (FTTC) and Fiber to the Home (FTTH) The Wireless Option Mananging the Broadband Signals Bellcore's TR-303 Specification Residential Broadband Worksheet Summary Appendix IOA: Coding and Modulation Techniques for Residential Broadband Introduction Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Examples of Modulation Schemes and Bit Rates Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation (CAP) CHAPTER11 Broadband Signaling Networks Introduction What Are Broadband Signaling Networks? Differences between Broadband and Conventional Signaling Systems N-ISDN and B-ISDN Example of a Broadband Signaling Network Operation Examples of Services Provided by the Broadband Network ISO 9577 ATM Parameters The Broadband Signaling Protocols How the Broadband Signaling Stacks Operate Broadband Signaling Worksheet Summary CHAPTER12 Advanced Intelligent Network Introduction Operator Services Systems (OSS) The 800 Service-Inklings of an Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) Key Aspects of the AIN The Intelligent Network and the Advanced Intelligent Network Distribution of Functions Evolution to the AIN Other Parts of the AIN Example of an AIN Operation The AIN Basic Call Model Standardized Messages The Private Virtual Network AIN Worksheet Summary CHAPTER13 Intemet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Introduction Functions of the Internet Protocol (IPv4) The IP Address Problems with IP and the IP Address The Solution--an Expanded IP Address Space Alternatives to the Overhead of IPv6 Addresses The Next Generation IP-IPv6 Functions of the IPv4 Header Fields 84 Functions of the IPv6 Header Fields 187 IPv6 and ATM Fixed Routing and Virtual Circuits 1 Supporting Different Types of Traffic 889 The IPv6-ATM Debate IPv6 Worksheet Summary APPENDIXA A Tutorial on Communications Networks Introduction Data Communications Networks Classifying Networks Wide Area and Local Area Networks Network Components Voice Networks Nonhierarchical Routing History of and Inherent Problems with Coexistence of Analog and Digital Systems Analog-to-Digital Conversion Data Images over Voice Channels FDM, TDM, and STDM Circuit, Message, Packet, and Cell Switching Network Routing Operations The Challenge of Integrating Voice, Data, and Video Applications Fast Packet Switahing (FPS) Hybrid Switching APPENDIXB Layered Protocols, OSI, and TCP/IP Introduction Protocols and the OS1 Model OS1 Layer Operations The Internet Protocols (TCP/IP) The Internet Layers IP Functions TCP Operatlons APPENDIXC Management Information Bases (MIBs) Introduction Purpose of a MIB Examples of MIB Objects and Other Entries 436 APPENDIXD Emerglng Communications Technologles Worksheet Abbreviations References Index
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