目录 Part 1 An Overall Guide to Appreciating Literature 1 What Is Literature? 1.1 Types of literature 1.2 Literature is language 1.3 Literature is fictional 1.4 Literature is true 1.5 Literature is aesthetic 2 Why Do We Read Literature? 2.1 To acquire knowledge and wisdom 2.2 To consolidate language competence 2.3 To read for pleasure 2.4 To improve understanding about life 2.5 To cultivate capacity of artistic appreciation 3 HOW to Learn Literary Texts? 3.1 Copying 3.2 paraphrase 3.3 Summary 3.4 Description 3.5 Analysis 4 How to Write About Literature? 4.1 Having something to say 4.2 Choosing a topic 4.3 Considering your audience 4.4 Collecting evidence 4.5 Developing argument 4.6 Writing die first draft 4.7 Revising 4.8 Documentation 4.9 The "Works Cited" page 4.10 Sample Essay 1 4.11 Sample Essay 2 5 How to Take Essay Tests? 5.1 Prepare thoroughly 5.2 Plan your answer wisely 5.3 Respond directly to the assignment 5.4 Add inserts when necessary 5.5 Write clear, simple, and correct prose 5.6 Be creative 5.7 Sample Test Essays 6 Major Critical Approaches 6.1 Formalistic criticism 6.2 Biographical criticism 6.3 Historical criticism 6.4 Psychological criticism 6.5 Sociological criticism 6.6 Feminist criticism 6.7 Reader-response criticism 6.8 Cultural studies criticism 6.9 Practical criticism 6.10 Some tips on applying critical approaches 7 Major Literary Schools 7.1 Classicism and neoclassicism 7.2 Romanticism 7.3 Realism 7.4 Naturalism 7.5 Modernism 7.6 Postmodernism Part 2 A Guide to Appreciating English Poetry 1 Introduction 1.1 Nature of poetry 1.2 Various descriptions about poetry 1.3 Value of learning poetry 2 Scansion of Poetry 2.1 Rhythm 2.2 Meter and foot 2.3 Rhythmic patterns 2.4 Metrical mutations …… Part 3 A Guide to Appreciating English Drama Part 4 A Guide to Appreciating English Fiction Part 5 A Guide to Appreciating English Essays Part 6 Short Glossary of Literary Terms References
精彩内容 7.2 Romanticism Romanticism is a school of literature opposed to neoclassicism.William Wordsworth'Spreface to the 2nd edition of Lyrical Ballads in 1800 was written as a poetic manifesto,inwhich he denounced the upper class subjects and the poetic diction of the precedingcentury and proposed to deal with materials from "common life" in"a selection oflanguage really used by men".Some of the romanticists of this period include Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Keats,and Shelley.Broadly speaking,romanticism hasthe following characteristics. (1) For romanticists,intuitions and emotions were more crucial than reason andcommon sense.They held that one could find truth throug hone's feelings and that noteverything could be explained by reason. (2) Romanticists emphasized individualism,placing the individual against the groupand the authority.They saw the individual at the very center of life and art andemphasized personal freedom and freedom from formalism,tradition,and conformity. (3) Romanticists did not conceive of the world as stereotyped object made by God.They thought of the world as a living,breathing being,and emphasized firmly the closerelationship between man and nature,which is why nature was a suitable subject of trueart.They held that humanity close to nature would not be affected by civilization andcould not be possibly bad.The greatest human joy was to imitate nature,absorb it,and beabsorbedbyit. (4) Romanticists stressed individual and creative function of imagination,and placedindividual at the very center of all life and all experience and at the center of art. (5) American romanticists are classified into early romantics and high romantics.Early romanticists were naive,experimental conformist,self-conscious and imitative,including Irving,Bryant,and Cooper,whose works were picturesque,but lacked a deeperpower. ……
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