Chapter 1 Articulation and Acoustics 2 Speech Production 2 Sound Waves 6 Places of Articulatory Gestures 10 The Oro-Nasal Process 15 Manners of Articulation 15 Stop 15 Fricative 17 Approximant 17 Lateral (Approximant) 17 Additional Consonantal Gestures 18 The Acoustics of Consonants 19 The Articulation of Vowel Sounds 20 The Sounds of Vowels 23 Suprasegmentals 24 Recap 26 Exercises 27
Chapter 2 Phonology and Phonetic Transcription 35 The Transcription of Consonants 37 The Transcription of Vowels 41 Consonant and Vowel Charts 45 Phonology 47 Recap 51 Exercises 52 Performance Exercises 56
PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS?59
Chapter 3 The Consonants of English 60 Stop Consonants 61 Fricatives 69 Affricates 71 Nasals 71 Approximants 72 Overlapping Gestures 73 English Consonant Allophones 76 Diacritics 80 Recap 81 Exercises 81 Performance Exercises 86
Chapter 4 English Vowels 89 Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries 89 Vowel Quality 91 The Auditory Vowel Space 93 American and British Vowels 95 Diphthongs 97 Rhotic Vowels 99 Lexical Sets 101 Unstressed Syllables 104 Tense and Lax Vowels 105 English Vowel Allophones 107 Recap 109 Exercises 110 Performance Exercises 113
Chapter 5 English Words and Sentences 115 Words in Connected Speech 115 Stress 119 Degrees of Stress 121 Sentence Rhythm 124 Intonation 126 Target Tones 134 Recap 138 Exercises 139 Performance Exercises 142
Part III GENERAL PHONETICS?143
Chapter 6 Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 144 Airstream Mechanisms 144 States of the Glottis 156 Voice Onset Time 159 Summary of Actions of the Glottis 164 Recap 165 Exercises 166 Performance Exercises 168
Chapter 7 Consonantal Gestures 173 Articulatory Targets 173 Types of Articulatory Gestures 183 Stops 183 Nasals 184 Fricatives 185 Trills, Taps, and Flaps 186 Laterals 189 Summary of Manners of Articulation 191 Recap 192 Exercises 192 Performance Exercises 194
Chapter 9 Vowels and Vowel-Like Articulations 227 Cardinal Vowels 227 Secondary Cardinal Vowels 232 Vowels in Other Accents of English 234 Vowels in Other Languages 236 Advanced Tongue Root 238 Rhotacized Vowels 239 Nasalization 241 Summary of Vowel Quality 242 Semivowels 242 Secondary Articulatory Gestures 244 Recap 246 Exercises 247 Performance Exercises 249
Chapter 10 Syllables and Suprasegmental Features 253 Syllables 253 Stress 259 Length 260 Timing 261 Intonation and Tone 264 Stress, Tone, and Pitch Accent Languages 270 Recap 271 Exercises 272 Performance Exercises 274
Chapter 11 Linguistic Phonetics 277 Phonetics of the Community and of the Individual 277 The International Phonetic Alphabet 278 Feature Hierarchy 282 A Problem with Linguistic Explanations 287 Controlling Articulatory Movements 289 Memory for Speech 291 The Balance Between Phonetic Forces 294 Recap 296 Performance Exercises 296
Appendix A: Additional Material for Transcription 303 Appendix B: Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal of the International Phonetic Association 305 Notes 307 Glossary 313 Further Reading 321 Index 325
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