【目录】: 目 录 Part I Descriptive Statistics Unit 1 Statistics 3 1.1 What is Statistics? 4 1.1.1 Meanings of Statistics 4 1.1.2 Definition of Statistics 5 1.1.3 Types of Statistics 6 1.1.4 Applications of Statistics 6 1.2 The language of Statistics 9 1.2.1 Population and Sample 9 1.2.2 Kinds of Variables 11 1.3 Measurability and Variability 14 1.4 Data Collection 16 1.4.1 The Data Collection Process 17 1.4.2 Sampling Frame and Elements 18 1.5* Single-Stage Methods 21 1.5.1 Simple Random Sample 21 1.5.2 Systematic Sample 22 1.6* Multistage Methods 25 1.7* Types of Statistical Study 27 1.8 The Process of a Statistical Study 31 Glossary 34 Reading English Materials 35 Passage 1. What is Statistics? 35 Passage 2. From Data to Foresight 35 Problems 36 Unit 2 Descriptive Analysis of Single-Variable Data 40 2.1 Graphs, Pareto Diagrams, and Stem-and-Leaf Displays 41 2.1.1 Qualitative Data 41 2.1.2 Quantitative Data 43 2.2 Frequency Distributions and Histograms 47 2.2.1 Frequency Distribution 47 2.2.2 Histograms 51 2.2.3 Cumulative Frequency Distribution and Ogives 53 2.3 Measures of Central Tendency 55 2.3.1 Finding the Mean 55 2.3.2 Finding the Median 56 2.3.3 Finding the Mode 57 2.3.4 Finding the Midrange 58 2.4 Measures of Dispersion 60 2.4.1 Sample Standard Deviation 62 2.5 Measures of Position 64 2.5.1 Quartiles 64 2.5.2 Percentiles 64 2.5.3 Other Measures of Position 66 2.6 Interpreting and Understanding Standard Deviation 70 2.6.1 The Empirical Rule and Testing for Normality 70 2.6.2 Chebyshev’s Theorem 72 Glossary 74 Problems 75 Unit 3 Descriptive Analysis of Bivariate Data 79 3.1 Bivariate Data 80 3.1.1 Two Qualitative Variables 80 3.1.2 One Qualitative and One Quantitative Variable 82 3.1.3 Two Quantitative Variables 83 3.2 Linear Correlation 85 3.2.1 Calculating the Linear Correlation Coefficient, r 86 *3.2.2 Causation and Lurking Variables 89 3.3 Linear Regression 91 3.3.1 Line of Best Fit 92 3.3.2 Making Predictions 97 Reading English Materials 99 Passage 1. The First Regression 99 Passage 2. Simpson’s Paradox 99 Problems 100 Unit 4 Introduction to Probability 104 4.1 Sample Spaces, Events and Sets 105 4.1.1 Introduction 105 4.1.2 Sample Spaces 105 4.1.3 Events 106 4.1.4 Set Theory 108 4.2 Probability Axioms and Simple Counting Problems 109 4.2.1 Probability Axioms and Simple Properties 109 4.2.2 Interpretations of Probability 111 4.2.3 Classical Probability 112 4.2.4 The Multiplication Principle 113 4.3 Permutations and Combinations 115 4.3.1 Introduction 115 4.3.2 Permutations 116 4.3.3 Combinations 118 4.3.4 The Difference Between Permutations and Combinations 120 4.4 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule 122 4.4.1 Conditional Probability 122 4.4.2 The Multiplication Rule 123 4.5 Independent Events, Partitions and Bayes Theorem 124 4.5.1 Independence 124 4.5.2 Partitions 125 4.5.3 Law of Total Probability 126 4.5.4 Bayes Theorem 126 4.5.5 Bayes Theorem for Partitions 127 Reading English Materials 130 Passage 1. Probability and Odds 130 Passage 2. The Relationship between Odds and Probability 130 Passage 3. How the Odds Change across the Range of the Probability 131 Problems 132 Unit 5 Discrete Probability Models 134 5.1 Introduction, Mass Functions and Distribution Functions 135 5.1.1 Introduction 135 5.1.2 Probability Mass Functions (PMFs) 136 5.1.3 Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDFs) 137 5.2 Expectation and Variance for Discrete Random Quantities 138 5.2.1 Expectation 138 5.2.2 Variance 139 5.3 Properties of Expectation and Variance 140 5.3.1 Expectation of a Function of a Random Quantity 140 5.3.2 Expectation of a Linear Transformation 140 5.3.3 Expectation of the Sum of Two Random Quantities 141 5.3.4 Expectation of an Independent Product 141 5.3.5 Variance of an Independent Sum 142 5.4 The Binomial Distribution 142 5.4.1 Introduction 142 5.4.2 Bernoulli Random Quantities 143 5.4.3 The Binomial Distribution 143 5.4.4 Expectation and Variance of a Binomial Random Quantity 145 5.5 The Geometric Distr
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