Partl INTRODUCTION Introduction Financial Intermediaries and Financial Innovation The Role of the Government in Financial Markets Part 11 DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS Chdpter 4 Depository Institutions: Activities and Characteristics Chapter 5 Central Banks and the Creation of Money Chapter 6 Monetary Policy Part 111 NON-DEPOSITORY FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES Chapter 7 Insurance Companies Chapter 8 Investment Companies Chapter 9 Pension Funds Part IV DETERMINANTS OF ASSET PRICES AND INTEREST RATES Properties and Pricing of Financial Assets The Level and Structure of Interest Rates The Term Structure of Interest Rates Risk/Rcturn and Asset Pricing Models Part V ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF MARKETS Chapter 14 Primary Markets and the Underwriting of Securities Secondary Markets Part Vl MARKETS FOR GOVERNMENT DEBT Chapter 16 Treasury and Agency Securities Markets Chapter 17 Municipal Securities Markets Part Vll MARKETS FOR CORPORATE SECURITIES Chapter 18 Common Stock Markets in the United States Chapter 19 Stock Markets around the World Chapter 20 Markets for Corporate Senior Instruments: 1 Chapter 21 Corporate Senior Instmments: 11 Chdpter 22 The Markets for Bank Obligations Part Vlll MORTGAGE AND SECURITIZED ASSET MARKETS Chdpter 23 The Mortgage Market Chdpter 24 Mortgage-Backed Securities Market Chdpter 25 Asset-Backed Securities Market Part IX MARKETS FOR DERIVATIVE SECURITIES Chdpter 26 Chdpter 27 Chdpter 28 Chdpter 29 Chdpter 30 Chdpter31 Index Financial Futures Markets Options Markets Pricing of Futures and Options Contracts The Applications of Futures and Options Contracts Interest Rate Swap and Interest Rate Agreement Market The Market for Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Control Instruments Preface xv Acknowledgments xuiii Biographical Sketches xx Part 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Introduction Financial Assets Debt versus Equity Claims 3 The Price of a Financial Asset and Risk 3 * Financial Assets versus Tangible Assets 4 The Role of Financial Assets 4 Financial Markets Role of Finandal Markets 6 CIassification of Financial Markets 6 Market Participants Globalization of Financial Markets Classification of Global Finandal Markets 9 Motivation for Using Foreign Markets and Euromarkets Derivative Markets Types of Derivative Instruments 11 The Role of Derivative Instruments Summary Chapter 2 Financial Intermediaries and Financial Innovation Financial Institutions Role of Financial Intermediaries Maturity Intermediation 20 Reducing Risk via Diversification 20 * Reducing the Cost ofContracting and Information Processing 21 Providing a Payments Mechanism Overview of Asset/Liability Management for Financial Institutions Nature of Liabilities 23 Liquidity Concerns 24 Regulations and Taxation Financial Innovation Categorizations of Financial Innovation 25 Motivation for Financial Innovation Asset Securitization as a Financial Innovation Benefits to Issuers 28 Benefits to Investors 29 Benefits to Borrowers 29 Implications of Securitization for Financial Markets 29 Social Benefits 30 Summary Chapter 3 The Role of the Govemment in Financial Markets Purposes and Forms of Regulation Justification for Regulation 35 An Introduction to Forms of Regulation 36 Regulation in the United States Regulation in Japan Regulation in Germany Regulation in the United Kingdom Regulatory Refonn Summary Part 11 DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS Chapter 4 Depository Institutions: Activities and Characteristics Asset/Liability Problem of Depository Institutions Interest Rate Risk 54 Liquidity Concerns Commercial Banks Bank Services 61 Bank Funding 62 Regulation ?avings and Loan Associations Assets 72 Funding 74 Regulation 74 The S&L Crisis Savings Banks Credit Unions Summary Chapter 5 Central Banks and the Creation of Money The Central Bank and Money Creation in the United States The Central Bank of the United States: The Federal Reserve System 85 Instruments of Monetary Policy: How the Fed Influences the Supply of Money 86 ?Different Kinds of Money 89 Money and Monetary Aggregates 89 The Money Multiplier: The Expansion of the Money Supply 91 The Impact of Interest Rates on the Money Supply 93 The Money Supply Process in an Open Economy 94 The Central Banks of Other Countries Germany 96 Japan 97 United Kingdom Summary Chapter 6 Monetary Policy Monetary Policy in the United States Goals of Monetary Policy 103 Trade-Offs and Conflicts among Polides 108 Goals and Types of Targets 108 Choosing the Operating Target 109 Choosing the Intermediate Target 110 A Review of Recent Federal Reserve Policy Goals and Targets of Monetary Policy in Other Economies Germany l6 Japan 117United Kingdom Summary Part 111 NON-DEPOSITORY FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES Chapter 7 Insurance Companies Fundamental Characteristics of the Insurance Industry Insurance Policy and Premiums 123 Surplus and Reserves 124 Determination of Profits 124 Government Guarantees 125 Regulation 125 Life Insurance Companies Liabilities and Liability Risk 127 Types of Policies 127 Investments Property and Casualty Insurance Companies Nature of the Liabilities 131 Investments Financial Trends in the Intemational Insurance Industry Bancassurance 133 Cross-Border Activities 134 Pension Funds and Insurance Companies Summary Chapter 8 Investment Companies Types of Investment Companies Open-End Funds 140 Closed-End Funds 141 Unit Trusts 143 Structure and Expenses of a Fund Types of Funds by Investment Objective Economic Motivation for Funds Regulation of Funds Commercial Banks and Mutual Funds The Concept of a Family of Funds Industry Concentration Mutual Funds in Other Economies United Kingdom 151 ?ermany I53 Japan 154 Summary Chapter 9 Pension Funds Introduction to Pension Plans Types of Pension Plans Defined Contribution Plan 161 Defined Benefit Plan 162 Hybrid Pension Plans 162 Investments Regulation Managers of Pension Funds Pension Funds in Other Countries Germany 166United Kingdom 167 Japan 168 Summary Appendix: Endowment Funds Part IV DETERMINANTS OF ASSET PRICES AND INTEREST RATES Chapter 10 Properties and Pricing of Financial Assets Properties of Financial Assets Moneyness 174 Divisibility and Denomination 174 Reversibility 174 Cash Flow 175 Term to Maturity 176 Convertibility 176 Currency 176 Liquidity 177 Return Predictability 177 Complexity 178 Tax Status 179 Principles of Pricing Financial Assets The Appropriate Discount Rate 180 Illustration 180 Price and Asset Properties Price Volatility of Financial Assets The Effect of Maturity 184 The Effect of the Coupon Rate 184 The Effect of the Level of Yields 186 Measuring Price Sensitivity to Interest Rate Changes: Duration Summary Appendix: Review of Present Value Chapter 11 The Level and Structure of Interest Rates The Theory of Interest Rates Fisher's Classical Approach 199 The Loanable Funds Theory 203 The Liquidity Preference Theory 204 Changes in the Money Supply and Interest Rates The Determinants of the Structure of Interest Rates Features of a Bond 208 Yield on a Bond 209 The Base Interest Rate 212 The Risk Premium 212 Summary Chapter 12 The Term Structure of Interest Rates The Yield Curve and the Term Structure Using the Yield Curve to Price a Bond 225 Constructing the Theoretical Spot Rate Curve 226 Using Spot Rates to Value a Bond 229 Forward Rates Other Forward Rates 233 Relationship between Spot Rates and Short-Term Forward Rates 234 Forward Rate as a Hedgeable Rate 235 Determinants of the Shape of the Term Structure The Pure Expectations Theory 236 The Liquidity Theory 239 The Preferred Habitat Theory 240 Market Segmentation Theory 241 Summary Chapter 13 Risk/Return and Asset Pricing Models Portfolio Theory Investment Return 247 Portfolio Risk 249 Diversification 252 The Risk of Individual Securities 254 Estimating Beta 257 The Capital Asset Pricing Model L'nderlying Assumptions 260 Tests of the Capital Asset Pricing Model 261 Multifactor CAPM 263 Arbitrage Pricing Theory Model Empirical Evidence 265 Summary Part V ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF MARKETS Chapter 14 Primary Markets and the Underwriting of Securities The Traditional Process for Issuing New Securities Investment Bankers Regulation of the Primary Market Variations in the Underwriting Process Bought Deal 277 Auction Process 278 Preemptive Rights Offering 280 Private Placement of Securities Rule 144A 283 Summary Chapter 15 Secondary Markets Function of Secondary Markets Trading Locations Market Structures Perfect Markets Role of Brokers and Dealers in Real Markets Brokers 293 Dealers as Market Makers 293 Market Efficiency Operational Efficiency 295 Pricing Efficiency 296 Summary Part Vl MARKETS FOR GOVERNMENT DEBT Chapter 16 Treasury and Agency Securities Markets Treasury Securities Types of Treasury Securities 301 The Primary Market 302 The Secondary Market 306 Stripped Treasury Securities 311 Coupon Stripping and the Theoretical Value of Treasury Securities 313 Federal Agency Securities Government-Sponsored Enterprise Securities 316 A Look at Non-U.S. Government Bond Markets Summary Chapter 17 Municipal Securities Markets Types and Features of Municipal Securities General
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