托克维尔(Alexis de Tocqueville, 1805-1859),法国政治思想家和历史学家,因其在《论美国的民主》和《旧制度与大革命》中探讨西方社会民主、平等与自由的关系,检视平等观念的崛起在个人与社会之间产生的摩擦而声誉鹊起。早年,托克维尔习法律托克维尔出身于诺曼底贵族家庭,早年习法律,获得学位后在凡尔赛法庭做实习文官,结识了检察官古斯塔夫?德博蒙,此后两人合作写下许多著作。1831年,他们被派往美国考察其刑法和监狱制度。回国后,托克维尔做了一名律师,将他在美国的见闻写成书,这就是发表于1835年的经典之作《论美国的民主》,此书为他赢得骑士勋章,并于1841年当选法兰西学院院士。《旧制度与大革命》是托克维尔退出政坛后开始撰写的,只完成了第一卷便去世了。响。
【目录】
INTRODUCTION
HON.JOHN T.MORGAN
BOOK ONE
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
CHAPTER Ⅰ: EXTERIOR FORM OF NORTH AMERICA
CHAPTER Ⅱ: ORIGIN OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS-
PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER Ⅱ: ORIGIN OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS-
PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER Ⅲ: SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE ANGLO-AMERICANS
CHAPTER Ⅳ: THE PRINCWLE OF THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE IN AMERICA
CHAPTER Ⅴ: NECESSITY OF EXAMINING THE CONDITION OF THE STATES-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER Ⅴ: NECESSITY OF EXAMINING THE CONDITION
OF THE STATES-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER Ⅴ: NECESSITY OF EXAMINING THE CONDITION OF THE STATES-PART Ⅲ
CHAPTER Ⅵ: JUDICIAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER Ⅶ: POLITICAL JURISDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER Ⅷ: THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER Ⅷ: THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER Ⅷ: THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION-PART Ⅲ
CHAPTER Ⅷ: THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION-PART Ⅳ
CHAPTER Ⅷ: THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION-PART Ⅴ
CHAPTER Ⅸ: WHY THE PEOPLE MAY STRICTLY BE SAID TO COVERN IN THE UNITED
CHAPTER Ⅹ: PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER Ⅺ: LIBERTY OF THE PRESSIN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER Ⅻ: POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ: GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACYIN AMERICA-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ: COVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY IN AME RICA-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ: GOVERNMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA-PART Ⅲ
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ: ADVANTAGES AMERICAN SOCIETY DERIVE FROM DEMOCRACY-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ: ADVANTACES AMERICAN SOCIETY DERIVE FROM DEMOCRACY-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ: UNLIMITED POWER OF MAJORITY, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ: UNLIMITED POWER OF MAJORITY, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ: CAUSES MITICATING TYRANNYIN THE UNITED STATES-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ: CAUSES MITIGATING TYRANNY IN THE UNITED STATES-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ: PRINCIPAL CAUSES MAINTAINING THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ: PRINCIPAL CAUSES MAINTAINING THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ: PRINCIPAL CAUSES MAINTAINING THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC-PART Ⅲ
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ: PRINCIPAL CAUSES MAINTAINING THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC-PART Ⅳ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITION OF THREE RACES IN THE UNITED STATES-PART Ⅰ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITION OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅱ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDfflON OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅲ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITON OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅳ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITION OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅴ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITION OF THREE RACES- PART Ⅵ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITON OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅶ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITION OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅷ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITION OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅸ
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: FUTURE CONDITION OF THREE RACES-PART Ⅹ
BOOK TWO
DE TOCQUEVILLE’S PREFACE TO THE SECOND PART
SECTION 1:INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON THE ACTION OF INTELLECTIN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER Ⅰ: PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD AMONG THE AMERICANS
CHAPTER Ⅱ: OF THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF BELIEF AMONG DEMOCRATIC NATIONS
CHAPTER Ⅲ: WHY THE AMERICANS DISPLAY MORE READINESS AND MORE TASTE FOR CENERALIDEAS THAN THEIR FOREFATHERS, THE ENCLISH
CHAPTER Ⅳ: WHY THE AMERICANS HAVE NEVER BEEN SO EAGER AS THE FRENCH FOR CENERALIDEAS IN POLITICAL MATTERS
CHAPTER Ⅴ: OF THE MANNER IN WHICH RELIGION IN THE UNITED STATES AVAILS ITSELF OF DEMOCRATIC TEN DENCIES
CHAPTER Ⅵ: OF THE PROGRESS OF ROMAN CATHOLICISMIN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER Ⅶ: OF THE CAUSE OF A LEANING TO PANTHEISM AMONGST DEMOCRATIC NATIONS
CHAPTER Ⅷ: THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY SUGCESTS TO THE AMERICANS THE IDEA OF THE INDEFINITE PERFECTIBILITY OF MAN
CHAPTER Ⅸ: THE EXAMPLE OF THE AMERICANS DOES
NOT PROVE THAT A DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE CAN HAVE NO APTITUDE AND NO TASTE FOR SCIENCE, LITERATURE, OR ART
CHAPTER Ⅹ: WHY THE AMERICANS ARE MORE ADDICTED TO PRACTICAL THAN TO THEORETICAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER Ⅺ: OF THE SPIRIT IN WHICH THE AMERICANS CULTIVATE THE ARTS
CHAPTER Ⅻ: WHY THE AMERICANS RAISE SOME MONUMENTS SOINSIGNIFICANT,AND OTHERS SO IMPORTANT
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ: LITERARY CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOCRATIC AGES
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ: THE TRADE OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ: THE STUDY OF GREEK AND LATIN LITERATURE PECULIARLY USEFUL IN DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ: THE EFFECT OF DEMOCRACY ON LANGUAGE
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ: OF SOME OF THE SOURCES OF POETRY AMONGST DEMOCRATIC NATIONS
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: OF THE INFLATED STYLE OF AMERICAN WRITERS AND ORATORS
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DRAMA AMONGST DEMOCRATIC NATIONS
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ: CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORIANS IN DEMOCRATIC AGES
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ: OF PARLIAMENTARY ELOQUENCE IN THE UNITED STATES
SECTION 2:INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON THE FEELINGS OF AMERICANS
CHAPTER Ⅰ: WHY DEMOCRATIC NATIONS SHOW A MORE ARDENT AND ENDURING LOVE OF EQUALITY THAN OF LIBERTY
CHAPTER Ⅱ: OF INDIVIDUALISM IN DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES
CHAPTER Ⅲ:INDIVIDUALISM STRONGER AT THE CLOSE OF A DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION THAN AT OTHER PERIODS
CHAPTER Ⅳ: THAT THE AMERICANS COMBAT THE EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUALISM BY FREE INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER Ⅴ: OF THE USE WHICH THE AMERICANS MAKE OF PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS IN CIVIL LIFE
CHAPTER Ⅵ: OF THE RELATION BETWEEN PUBLIC ASSOCIATIONS AND NEWSPAPERS
CHAPTER Ⅶ: CONNECTION OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS
CHAPTER Ⅷ: THE AMERICANS COMBAT INDIVIDUALISM BY THE PRINCIPLE OF INTEREST RIGHTLY UNDERSTOOD
CHAPTER Ⅸ: THAT THE AMERICANS APPLY THE PRINCIPLE OF INTEREST RIGHTLY UNDERSTOOD TO RELICIOUS MATTERS
CHAPTER Ⅹ: OF THE TASTE FOR PHYSICAL WELL-BEING IN AMERICA
CHAPTER Ⅺ: PECULIAR EFFECTS OF THE LOVE OF PHYSICAL GRATIFICATIONS IN DEMOCRATIC AGES
CHAPTER Ⅻ: CAUSES OF FANATICAL ENTHUSIASM IN SOME AMERICANS
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ: CAUSES OF THE RESTLESS SPIRIT OF AMERICANS IN THE MIDST OF THEIR PROSPERITY
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ: TASTE FOR PHYSICAL GRATIFICATIONS UNITED IN AMERICA TO LOVE OF FREEDOM AND ATTENTION TO PUBLIC AFFAIRS
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ: THAT RELIGIOUS BELIEF SOMETIMES TURNS THE THOUGHTS OF THE AMERICANS TO IMMATERIAL PLEASURES
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ:THAT EXCESSIVE CARE OF WORLDLY WELFARE MAY IMPAIR THAT WELFARE
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ: THATIN TIMES MARKED BY EQUALITY OF CONDITIONS AND SCEPTICAL OPINIONS,IT IS IMPORTANT TO REMOVE TO A DISTANCE THE OBJECTS OF HUMAN ACTIONS
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: THAT AMONGST THE AMERICANS ALL HONEST CALLINGS ARE HONORABLE
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ: THAT ALMOST ALL THE AMERICANS FOLLOW INDUSTRIAL CALLIN CHAPTER ⅩⅩ: THAT ARISTOCRACY MAY BE ENGENDERED BY MANUFACTURES
BOOKTHREE
CHAPTER Ⅰ: THAT MANNERS ARE SOFTENED AS SOCIAL CONDITIONS BECOME MORE EQUAL
CHAPTER Ⅱ: THAT DEMOCRACY RENDERS THE
HABITUAL INTERCOURSE OF THE AMERICANS SIMPLE AND EASY
CHAPTER Ⅲ: WHY THE AMERICANS SHOW SO LITTLE SENSITIVENESS IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY,AND ARE SO SENSITIVE IN EUROPE
CHAPTER Ⅳ: CONSEQUENCES OF THE THREE PRECEDINC CHAPTERS
CHAPTER Ⅴ: HOW DEMOCRACY AFFECTS THE RELATION OF MASTERS AND SERVANTS
CHAPTER Ⅵ: THAT DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND MANNERS TEND TO RAISE RENTS AND SHORTEN THE TERMS OF LEASES
CHAPTER Ⅶ: INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON WAGES
CHAPTER Ⅷ:INFLUENCE OF DEMOCRACY ON KINDRED
CHAPTER Ⅸ: EDUCATION OF YOUNG WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER Ⅹ: THE YOUNG WOMAN IN THE CHARAaER OF A WIFE
CHAPTER Ⅺ: THAT THE EQUALITY OF CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTES TO THE MAINTENANCE OF GOOD MORALS IN AMERICA
CHAPTER Ⅻ: HOW THE AMERICANS UNDERSTAND THE EQUALITY OF THE SEXES
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ: THAT THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY NATURALLY DIVIDES THE AMERICANSINTO A NUMBER OF SMALL PRIVATE CIRCLES
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ: SOME REFLECTIONS ON AMERICAN MANNERS
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ: OF THE GRAVITY OF THE AMERICANS, AND WHY IT DOES NOT PREVENT THEM FROM OFTEN COMMITTING INCONSIDERATE ACTIONS
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ: WHY THE NATIONAL VANITY OF THE AMERICANS IS MORE RESTLESS AND CAPTIOUS THAN THAT OF THE ENGLISH
CHAPTER ⅩⅦ: THAT THE ASPECT OF SOCIETY IN THE UNITED STATESIS AT ONCE EXCITED AND MONOTONOUS
CHAPTER ⅩⅧ: OF HONOR IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES
CHAPTER ⅩⅨ: WHY SO MANY AMBITIOUS MEN
AND SO LITTLE LOFTY AMBITION ARE TO BE FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES
CHAPTER ⅩⅩ: THE TRADE OF PLACE-HUNTING IN CERTAIN DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES
CHAPTER ⅩⅪ: WHY GREAT REVOLUTIONS WILL BECOME MORE RARE
CHAPTER ⅩⅫ: WHY DEMOCRATIC NATIONS ARE NATURALLY DESIROUS OF PEACE,AND DEMOCRATIC ARMIES OF WAR
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅢ: WHICH IS THE MOST WARLIKE AND MOST REVOLUTIONARY CLASS IN DEMOCRATIC ARMIES?
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅣ: CAUSES WHICH RENDER DEMOCRATIC ARMIES WEAKER THAN OTHER ARMIES AT THE OUTSET OF A CAMPAIGN, AND MORE FORMIDABLE IN PROTRACTED WARFARE
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅤ: OF DISCIPLINE IN DEMOCRATIC ARMIES
CHAPTER ⅩⅩⅥ: SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON WARIN DEMOCRATIC COMMUNITIES
BOOK FOUR
CHAPTER Ⅰ: THAT EQUAUTY NATURALLY GIVES MEN A TASTE FOR FREE INSTITUTIONS
CHAPTER Ⅱ: THAT THE NOTIONS OF DEMOCRATIC NATIONS ON GOVERNMENT ARE NATURALLY FAVORABLE TO THE CONCENTRATION OF POWER
CHAPTER Ⅲ: THAT THE SENTIMENTS OF DEMOCRATICNATIONS ACCORD WITH THEIR OPINIONS IN LEADING THEM TO OONCENTRATE POLITICAL POWER
CHAPTER Ⅳ: OF CERTAIN PECULIAR AND ACCIDENTAL CAUSES WHICH EITHER LEAD A PEOPLE TO COMPLETE CENTRALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT, OR WHICH DIVERT THEM FROM IT
CHAPTER Ⅴ: THAT AMONGST THE EUROPEAN NATIONS
OF OUR TIME THE POWER OF GOVERNMENTS IS INCREASING,ALTHOUGH THE PERSONS WHO GOVERN ARE LESS STABLE
CHAPTER Ⅵ: WHAT SORT OF DESPOTISM DEMOCRATIC NATIONS HAVE TO FEAR
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