Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter1 What is research? Introduction Research as a matural process Scientific research and common sense Finding answers:How do we know something? Basic,applied,and practical research Summary Activities References Chapter2 A paradigm for second language research Research and the phenomena of second language Four parameters for second language research Parameter 1:Synthetic and ananlytic approaches Parameter 2:Heuristic and deducticve objectives Parameter 3:Control and manipulation of the research context Parameter 4:Data and data collection Summary Activities References
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