William Sturgis Bigelow (1850–1926) was an American physician and collector of Japanese art. He was one of the first Americans to live in Japan[citation needed], and to introduce the American public to Japanese art and culture. He was also among those who adhered to the philosophy of the "White man's burden"[citation needed], and worked to establish protections for Japanese art during a time when some Japanese were willing to sell or destroy elements of their own traditional culture in a fervor of Westernization and modernization. Bigelow's publicity for his vision of Japan extended to his teachings on Buddhism. He delivered the annual Ingersoll Lecture on the Immortality of Man at Harvard in 1908, which was published as book Buddhism and Immortality (1908). There Bigelow used the scientific language of nature selection to explain spiritual evolution as when an individual emerges from "unconditioned consciousness" and "moves up the scale of evolution guided by natural selection." Next the individual moves to a level of celestial experience and finally is able to "return to the unconditioned consciousness from which all things emerge. In his view, familial ties were created by reincarnaton and what he called "thought transference."[11] Bigelow's contemporaries compared his relationship o the Japanese monk who instructed him in Buddhism as that of "a filial child" to a "benevolent father." [12] Historian T.J. Jackson Lears has analyzed Bigelow's embrace of Buddhims as "leaving a stern father for a benign Ajari [teacher]." [13] Bigelow accepted both material and spiritual evolution and believed Buddhism and science were compatible.[
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