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库存2件
作者Evan Hughes
出版社Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
ISBN9780525566328
出版时间2023-09
装帧平装
定价88元
货号YB-86040
上书时间2024-06-28
PROLOGUE
Gavin Awerbuch had a long commute, but often he arrived at work before dawn. After an hour and a half ’s drive, his headlights would swing into the parking lot, illuminating a one-story beige brick building that resembled a shopping plaza, divided into storefronts.
It was Saginaw, Michigan. In the winters it was frigid. Awerbuch would get out of his Chevrolet HHR, and when he was the first one there, he would unlock the door. He worked in the unit farthest to the right, where his name was stenciled in white letters on the glass door.
Awerbuch was too busy to pay much attention to his appearance. His graying hair sprouted in every direction, and he was often unshaven. At the office, he wore casual clothes—a sweatshirt and jeans, perhaps. He was disheveled enough that people wondered if he had slept in his outfit. His lab coat looked as if it could use a wash. He would shrug it on over his street clothes after he arrived at the office. Then the people would come, in a constant flow.
Awerbuch was a doctor. He was educated at Michigan State, the University of Arizona, and Wayne State University in Detroit. In 1989, he completed the specialized training to become a neurologist, treating conditions of the nervous system. In the early years, his prac- tice evolved from focusing on disorders such as stroke and multiple sclerosis into managing pain in a broader set of patients. People came to him suffering from migraines, neck pain, back pain.
By 2012, Awerbuch’s clinic was a major medical destination in the area, about ninety miles northwest of Detroit, not far from Flint. Awerbuch had around five thousand active patients, pouring into the small office suite at a rate of perhaps fifty a day. Some of them drove for hours to see him, from as far away as Michigan’s Upper Penin- sula. The wait was long once they got there.
Awerbuch had opened his clinic in the area in order to cater to an underserved population. The city core of Saginaw is predominantly black, but Awerbuch’s clinic was located on the outskirts, where the city gives way quickly to farmland with a majority-white, blue-collar population. In the wake of the global financial collapse, jobs were in short supply. With the near collapse of the Big Three carmakers, a top local employer, an auto-parts manufacturer, had become a shell of its former self, shedding workers and entering bankruptcy before being purchased by Chinese interests.
A lot of Awerbuch’s patients wore work jackets or camouflage. Many were retired or on disability. More than half were on Medicaid or Medicare. Walkers, braces, and wheelchairs were a common sight at the clinic.
To patients, Dr. Awerbuch appeared to be a man of great decency, ministering one at a time to their deeply personal needs, with the unpretentious air of a social worker. He was a small man and never intimidating or confrontational. He wasn’t one of those doctors who let you know that he had power over you. He cared for his patients, many of them said. He took their pain seriously.
By this time the medical community was grappling with the fact that the prolonged boom in opioid prescribing that had begun in the late 1990s had helped to create a nationwide health crisis. Now, heightened scrutiny and changing medical opinion were altering the landscape of pain management. Many physicians were beginning to turn away from prescribing opioids over the long term or at high doses. Instead, doctors were referring patients struggling with chronic pain to specialists such as Awerbuch. This was not simply a matter of deferring to the experts; it was also a way of dumping a difficult problem on someone else. Treating pain is demanding and sensitive, and liability comes with the territory. Awerbuch became, for many patients, a port of last resort, a man who would give them the potent medications they depended on when other doctors would not.
IN JANUARY 2013, a regular patient made the trip to the clinic in Saginaw. He told Dr. Awerbuch that his back pain was manageable, ranging from a 3 to a 4 on a scale of 1 to 10. He had been riding motorcycles lately, he added, making conversation. The patient said the Vicodin that Awerbuch had put him on seemed okay, but he asked for a prescription of the painkiller OxyContin. Awerbuch told him that he ought to try a new medication instead, and showed it to him.
The doctor held in his hand a small plastic bottle with a spout that extended from the top like a periscope. The medication was a liquid spray, and Awerbuch explained that you shoot it under your tongue. The drug had only just been approved the previous year. It was called Subsys. It is an opioid many times more powerful than OxyContin.
What Awerbuch didn’t know was that the patient at this appointment was an undercover agent. The whole encounter was covertly recorded on video. At least three agents had been seeing Awerbuch for many months, posing as patients and concocting fake medical complaints.
At the outset of their investigation, the authorities were looking into the doctor’s prolific billing for certain diagnostic tests, which measure electrical activity in nerves and muscles. Their suspicions turned out to be well founded. Over and over in their undercover visits, Awerbuch used needles and probes that may have looked right to patients, but the exams were bogus—a brief pantomime performed for show. Sometimes the needles and probes weren’t even connected to a machine.
Agents at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General, or HHS–OIG, see a lot of insurance fraud like this. It’s a major drain on federal programs. Some doctors look at the checks that come back from Medicare or Medicaid when they invoice for testing and they get ideas: Who would know if the tests they administered were even real? They might rationalize their cheating with the thought that the patients aren’t getting hurt.
But prescrib
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