内在乐园：论弥尔顿晚期诗歌中的认知和自由

本书以思想史为线索考察英国作家弥尔顿（John Milton, 1608—1674）晚期的三部诗作——《失乐园》《复乐园》《斗士参孙》，并将文本置于斯图亚特王朝复辟后的历史语境中，揭示出弥尔顿1660年后如何通过诗歌传达其“内在乐园”理念。弥尔顿的“内在乐园”理念同时涵盖基督教神学和古典思想，《复乐园》的“内在自由”观念实现了两者的完美融合，但《失乐园》与《斗士参孙》均显现出基督教神学和古典观念的冲突。弥尔顿通过史诗的叙述和悲剧的人物缓解了两者间的张力，使得复杂、多元的思想资源并存于诗歌之中。

弥尔顿的“内在乐园”与霍布斯的“利维坦”均是对所处时代的回应，却形成鲜明对比。霍布斯在认知方面摒弃了基督教神学和古典思想中人可以依据信仰或理性进行选择的思路，基于人的自利和恐惧为现代国家构建了政治秩序。弥尔顿则沿袭基督教和古典传统，呼吁人通过信仰和德性构建内在自由，如果外在秩序与两者严重冲突，它们则会成为人争取外在自由的依据。“利维坦”对现代政治思想影响深远，但弥尔顿的“内在乐园”可以在伦理层面弥补霍布斯思想体系的内在局限。这一弥补作用在当下依然有较强的现实意义。

崔梦田，北京大学英语系博士，四川大学外国语学院英文系副主任。主要研究方向为十七世纪英国文学、十七世纪英国史、英国思想史。发表论文《论〈失乐园〉中亚当的正当理性与选择》《“失去善，得到恶”——论〈失乐园〉中夏娃在知识树下的经验》《论〈斗士参孙〉中的公民自由与宗教自由》《弥尔顿〈论真正的宗教〉中的宽容理念考辨》、英文书评“Lu Gusun, Ten Lectures on Shakespeare Studies”。

■目  录

绪　论································································································· 1

节　研究概况········································································ 8

第二节　思想史背景及选题意义················································· 31

第三节　研究思路及各章概要····················································· 41

章　认知与选择
——论《失乐园》中亚当的理性··········································· 48

节　乐园中的亚当：“推理常属于你们”······························ 51

第二节　知识树下的亚当：正当理性与选择································ 57

第三节　犯罪后的亚当：“肉欲篡夺了理性至高无上的地位”······ 77

第四节　悔改后的亚当：“永远遵守他的天道，单单依靠他”······ 83

第二章　认知与伦理
——论《失乐园》中夏娃的经验··········································· 87

节　夏娃的梦：对恶的初次体验·········································· 94

第二节　分开劳动：“不单独经受考验，美德又有什么用?”······ 102

第三节　知识树下的夏娃：现实性的经验与“失去善，
得到恶”····································································· 111

第四节　夏娃的第二个梦：“梦境提示了某种伟大的
预言性的好事”·························································· 128

第三章　《复乐园》中的自由观念考辨············································ 131

节　撒旦的自由观······························································ 136

第二节　神子的内在自由论······················································· 142

第三节　内在自由与外在自由的关系········································· 155

第四章　认知与自由
——论《斗士参孙》中参孙的宗教经验及自由观················· 172

节　宗教经验与律法：论参孙的两次婚姻··························· 179

第二节　参孙关于公民自由、宗教自由的三轮论证···················· 192

第三节　论参孙的宗教经验与自由选择····································· 216

结　语····························································································· 225

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