目录 THE AUTHORS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS /1 WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS?/2 1.Linguistics as a Science/2 2.Language and Linguistics/3 3.Origins and Functions of Language/5 4.Spoken and Written Language/8 5.Langue and Parole, Competence and Performance/10 6.Linguistics as a Field of Research/12 7.Different Approaches to Linguistics/13 8.Major Schools of Linguistics/14 CHAPTER 2 PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY/20 WHAT ARE SPEECH SOUNDS? /21 1.Sounds and Letters/21 2.Production of Sounds/24 3.Classification of Sounds/26 4.Transcription of Sounds/31 5.Phonetics: Phones and Allophones/33 6.Phonology: Phonemes/34 7.Phonological Rules/36 8.Prosody: Intonation and Stress/38 CHAPTER 3 MORPHOLOGY/44 WHAT ARE WORDS? /45 1.Words and Word Classes/45 2.Morphs, Allomorphs and Morphemes/48 3.Types of Morphemes/49 4.Inflectional and Derivational Morphology/50 5.Word Formation Processes/53 CHAPTER 4 SYNTAX/65 WHAT IS GRAMMAR? /67 1.Grammar: Prescriptive and Descriptive/67 2.Grammaticality, Acceptability and Syntactic Ambiguity/68 3.Syntactic Structures/71 4.Syntactic Categories/74 5.Syntactic Functions/76 6.Types of Sentences/78 7.Types of Clauses/81 CHAPTER 5 SEMANTICS /86 WHAT IS MEANING? /87 1.Meaning, Sense and Reference/87 2.Levels of Meaning: Lexical and Sentential/89 3.Componential Analysis/93 4.Synonymy, Antonymy, Homonymy and Hyponymy/94 5.Entailment, Presupposition, Inconsistency, Contradiction, Tautology and Anomaly / 100 6.Metaphorical Usage/101 7.Idiomatic Usage/104 CHAPTER 6 PRAGMATICS /109 WHAT IS LANGUAGE USE? /110 1.Semantics versus Pragmatics/110 2.Reference and Inference/113 3.Cohesion and Coherence/115 4.Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts /117 5.The Cooperative Principle/119 6.Conversational Implicature/120 7.The Politeness Principle /122 8.Concept of Face /124 CHAPTER 7 LANGUAGE VARIATION /130 WHAT IS LANGUAGE VARIATION? /131 1.Sociolinguistics Language and Society /131 2.Accents and Dialects /132 3.Sociolects or So Dialects /137 4.Register and Jargon/141 5.Jargon, Slang and Argot/143 6.Slang,Taboo and Euphemisms/144 7.Language and Culture/146 CHAPTER 8 LANGUAGE CHANGE/153 WHAT IS LANGUAGE CHANGE? /154 1.Language and History/154 2.Internal Causes of Language Change/156 3.External Causes of Language Change/158 4.History of English/161 5.Changes in Pronunciation and Spelling/167 6.Changes in Grammar/168 7.Changes in Vocabulary/169 8.Changes in Meaning/171 APPENDIX 1: KEY TO EXERCISES /178 APPENDIX 2.BIBLIOGRAPHY 187
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