教育会输给技术吗?
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作者经济合作与发展组织
出版社上海教育
ISBN9787572021794
出版时间2023-09
装帧其他
开本其他
定价69.8元
货号31869192
上书时间2024-06-02
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作者简介
经济合作与发展组织(OECD)是各国政府合作商讨应对经济、社会和环境全球化挑战的特别组织。OECD还是促进各国相互理解,帮助各国政府应对新局势、 新问题的前线力量,例如企业管治、信息经济以及人口老龄化的挑战。OECD的出版物广泛传播该组织收集的统计数据,内容涉及经济、社会和环境问题的研究结果,以及其成员国达成一致的协议、指导方针和标准。
目录
纲要······················································································1
方法论·············································································2
主要发现··········································································2
结论················································································4
第一章 搭建舞台:评估人工智能影响的方法 ································7
测量人工智能能力和影响的已有研究 ··································· 10
人工智能能力探索性测评的目标 ········································· 15
本报告的结构·································································· 18
参考文献········································································ 18
注释·············································································· 20
第二章 人类技能与人工智能能力的演变 ···································· 23
技能供给的变化······························································· 25
人工智能能力的最新发展 ·················································· 36
测量人工智能能力的重要性 ··············································· 46
参考文献········································································ 48
附录2.A 补充表格 ·························································· 52
注释·············································································· 62
第三章 基于“成人技能调查”的人工智能能力测评的方法论 ·········· 63
“成人技能调查”概述 ························································ 64
确定一组计算机科学家 ····················································· 70
收集专家判断·································································· 72
问卷开发········································································ 74
构建人工智能读写和计算能力表现的综合度量 ······················· 76
困难挑战和经验教训 ························································ 77
参考文献········································································ 79
第四章 专家对人工智能读写和计算能力的测评 ··························· 81
人工智能在读写领域的能力评估 ········································· 82
人工智能在计算领域的能力评估 ········································· 96
参考文献·······································································111
附录4.A 补充表格 ·························································112
第五章 2016—2021年人工智能读写和计算能力的变化 ················113
人工智能读写能力随时间推移的变化 ··································115
人工智能计算能力随时间推移的变化 ··································123
参考文献·······································································131
附录5.A 补充图表 ·························································131
注释·············································································135
第六章 人工智能能力的持续进步对就业和教育的影响 ·················137
测评结果概要·································································138
不断发展的人工智能读写和计算能力对政策的影响 ················145
测评人工智能的新方法 ····················································158
参考文献·······································································159
注释·············································································162
译后记 ················································································163
内容摘要
本报告是经济合作与发展组织2023年发布的最新报告,比较了2016年和2021年人工智能和人类技能在数学和阅读方面的进展,显示了这些领域的人工智能是如何随着时间的推移而发展的,以及它们与人类的阅读和数学技能的对比。报告显示,自2016年来,人工智能在阅读能力方面取得了显著进步,但解决数学问题的能力并未以同样速度提高。专家预测,如在人工智能研究和开发方面增加投资,将导致其在未来几年在阅读和数学方面取得重大进展。
报告预测了2026年人工智能和人类技能在阅读和数学方面的发展。报告表明,人工智能在阅读和数学方面的表现可能超过大部分人口。这对就业和教育具有重要影响。报告还强调需要加强劳动力的基础技能,并使其做好准备,在关键领域与人工智能合作。
当前,AI的快速发展以及ChatGPT的横空出世,正是大家讨论的热点。哪些是AI可以做的,哪些是不可以做的,它们的发展趋势如何,教育如何应对,未来哪些职业将被取代,人们选择什么专业和职业方可不被AI取代,都是大家非常关注的。在这种背景下,本书的引进与出版显得非常及时、有意义、有价值。本书将放入“OECD教育研究与创新系列”中。
精彩内容
译后记2022年11月30日,美国人工智能实验室OpenAI发布了ChatGPT(聊天生成式预训练转换器)。这一自然语言处理领域的最新研究成果迅速点燃了社会对人工智能的热情,掀起了社会各界对人工智能赋能和挑战讨论的狂潮。
为了回应各界对人工智能的关切,长期致力于技术进步对教育影响研究的经济合作与发展组织(OECD)在“国际成人能力测评项目”(PIAAC)等大规模实证研究的基础上,借助众多人工智能专家的评估,对最前沿人工智能技术在人类阅读和数学这两大核心技能领域的表现进行了研究,并发布其研究成果《教育会输给技术吗?人工智能在阅读和数学中的进展》(IsEducationLosingtheRacewithTechnology?AI’sProgressinMathsandReading)。尽管研究存在一些局限,但是瑕不掩瑜,该报告中的一些数据和结论对我们具有重要的指导意义:2021年人工智能的阅读能力超过90%的成人,计算能力超过57%~88%的成人。他们预测,到2026年,人工智能系统将可能解决“国际成人能力测评项目”中的所有读写和计算问题。综合来看,人工智能可能会影响59%的劳动力所从事的与读写相关的工作任务。因此,OECD主张,新时代教育的重点不应放在计算机素养的培养上,而应转向人机合作,转向信息时代所需的认知技能的教授上,要重点关注人工智能目前无法突破的“感知和操作任务”“创造性智能任务”和“社交智能任务”等“瓶颈”任务。如何结合上述研究,思考应对之道,将上述成果落地到具体工作中,是时代交给我们(尤其是教育界)的一项重要使命。
很荣幸,笔者有机会翻译OECD在智能教育领域的这一最新力作。窃以为,本书属于信息型文本,因此在翻译过程中,笔者以再现源文本信息为第一要务,以忠实原则和可读性原则为指导,翻译和处理书中的术语和文字表达。以书中高频出现的计算机模型、测试项目、机构、术语为例,翻译时秉持方便读者阅读和理解的指导思想,采取“应翻尽翻”的策略,术语首次出现时尽量意译出其中蕴含的信息,并括注其英文全称和简称,在后文统一使用其中文译名,方便读者理解和回溯相关信息。而对“GPT”和“ChatGPT”等少数术语,中文读者可能更熟悉其英文表达,处理方式略有差异,即在其首次出现时或需要特别说明处括注中文,在其他地方则统一保留英文写法。又如,本书属于权威机构发布的研究报告,因此原文措辞较为正式。同时,因为频繁使用插入语、非谓语、从句等结构,整体句子较长。对此,笔者在尽量准确传递原文蕴含的信息的前提下,较为灵活地借助调整语序、添加代词、重复或同义替换动词等方法,将汉语较长的译文切分为短语,方便读者理解其中含义。
本译著能顺利出版,首先要感谢华东师范大学窦卫霖教授,感谢窦教授百忙之中耐心指导本书中术语的翻译并参与译著的统稿工作,同时感谢袁振国教授拨冗为本书撰写序言,并为书名翻译提供咨询和指导;其次,感谢廖承琳编辑和谢冬华副编审认真细致的审稿和加工;最后,感谢王雨檬、许思嘉和邵心选,感谢她们积极参与本书译文的修改、相关资料的查阅以及术语和格式的统一,鼎力协助本书的翻译和修改工作。
为了尽早将OECD在人工智能方面的最新研究成果付梓出版,以飨读者,本书翻译周期较短。同时,原著中涉及大量计算机、教育学、统计学、人工智能等方面的知识和术语,尽管翻译团队全力以赴,认真查阅各种相关资料,积极请教相关领域专家,书中可能还是存在不足之处,恳请各位专家和读者批评指正!
华东理工大学外国语学院杜海紫2023年7月20日
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