Contents Prefacexxv 1?What Is Language?1 1.1?The Significance of Language1 1.2?What Is Language?2 1.3?The Functions of Language5 1.4?What Is a Language?6 1.5?The Elements of Language 6 Summary7 Exercises8
2?Lexis9 2.1?What Is a Word?9 2.2?Where Do Words Come From?12 Summary20 Exercises20
3?Semantics21 3.1?The Function of Lexemes21 3.2?The Meaning of Meaning22 3.3?Semantic Range22 3.4?The Definition of Semantic Range24 3.5?Collocation and Idiom28 3.6?Homonymy and Polysemy30 3.7?The Human Element of Meaning31 3.8?Pragmatics33 3.9?Discourse Analysis37 Summary38 Exercises39
4?Phonetics41 4.1?The Organs of Speech41 4.2?Consonants43 4.3?Phonemic Notation47 4.4?Vowels49 4.5?Sounds in Sequence52 Summary53 Exercises53
5?Phonology55 5.1?Sound Systems of Languages55 5.2?The Phoneme56 5.3?Phonological Rules57 5.4?The Phonology of English58 5.5?The Phonology of Other Languages62 5.6?Suprasegmental Features66 Summary70 Exercises70
6?Morphology73 6.1?The Composition of Words73 6.2?Morphemes75 6.3?Derivation and Inflection75 6.4?Productivity and Word Formation77 6.5?Problems of Morphological Analysis78 Summary81 Exercises81
7?Syntax83 7.1?Syntax as Opposed to Morphology83 7.2?Word Classes84 7.3?Constituent Structure86 7.4?Noam Chomsky89 7.5?Syntactic Forms91 Summary93 Exercises94
8?Regional Variation96 8.1?Variations of Variations96 8.2?Horizontal Definition of Dialect98 8.3?Vertical Definition of Dialect102 8.4?The Nature of Variation105 Summary107 Exercises108
9?Social Variation109 9.1?The Social Dimension109 9.2?The Standard Language111 9.3?The Urban Vanguard112 9.4?Men and Women113 9.5?Power and Solidarity114 9.6?Registers and Diglossia116 9.7?Taboo and
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