目录 Thanks and acknowledgments Introduction 1 The nature of curriculum Introduction 1.1 Internal and external influences on curriculum 1.2 The nature of curriculum 1.3 Curriculum and the teacher 1.4 Curriculum as product and process Conclusions Discussion questions Appendix 1 Extract from a local government curriculum (Government of Hong Kong SAR, China 2004, 4-6) Appendix 2 The Austrian education system Appendix 3 Extract from an institutional curriculum (Lone Star College System 2013-2014, 6-7) Appendix 4 Extract from a general curriculum (Council of Europe 2001) Appendix 5 Extract from a teacher's curriculum Case study 1 Developing a course in creative non-fiction Dino Mahoney Case study 2 An institutional curriculum for a pre-service English teacher-education program Christian Rudianto 2 Syllabus design: a brief history Introduction 2.1 The nature of syllabus design 2.2 Selection and gradation 2.3 Vocabulary selection 2.4 Grammar selection Conclusions Discussion questions Appendix 1 The most frequent content words in the Britlsh National Corpus (from Kennedy 1998) Appendix 2 Headwords of the Academic Word List (Coxhead 2011) Appendix 3 Part of an early English grammatical syllabus (from Hornby 1959) Case study 3 A course in English for baristas Kyle Smith 3 New directions in syllabus and curriculum design Introduction 3.1 The quest for new methods 3.2 Changing needs for foreign languages in Europe 3.3 Communicative Language Teaching 3.4 The search for new syllabus models 3.5 English for Specific Purposes 3.6 Needs analysis in ESP 3.7 Emergence of a curriculum approach in language teaching Conclusions Discussion questions Appendix 1 Threshold level syllabus (from Van Ek and Trim 1998) Case study 4 An ESP course for international students Sasha Wajnryb Case study 5 Language learning and technology Christoph A. Hafner 4 Needs analysis Introduction 4.1 The nature of needs 4.2 Course design for learners who may have no specific need 4.3 Larger-scale needs analysis 4.4 The goals of needs analysis 4.5 The users of needs analysis
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