II.A glimpse into the history of the ancient pagodas at Dunhuang/015
III.Research objects, research history, research significance and methodology/021
PART 1 INVESTIGATION OF THE PAGODAS
CHAPTER 1 PAGODAS ON THE TOP OF THE CLIFF OF THE MOGAO GROTTOES
1.1 The pagoda above Mogao cave 143 (Pagoda 23)/034
1.General situation and research history of the earthen pagoda/034
2.Contents of the earthen pagoda/037
3.Construction time and main statues of the earthen pagoda and related contents/048
4.Conclusion/057
1.2 The Niepan (Nirvana) Temple (Pagoda 21, also known as the Hall of Heavenly King)/057
1.General situation of the Nirvana Temple/057
2.A summary of the research history of the Nirvana Temple/062
3.Contents of the wall paintings and statues in the Nirvana Temple/067
4.Conclusion/088
1.3 The earthen pagoda of Gudaokou (Pagoda 20) and the earthen site in front of the Nirvana Temple/096
1.The earthen pagoda of Gudaokou/096
2.The earthen site in front of the Nirvana Temple/096
CHAPTER 2 PAGODAS IN THE MOGAO CAVES
2.1 Pagodas in Mogao cave 285/101
1.Pagoda 1 in cave 285 (numbered 285-1)/105
2.Pagoda 2 in cave 285 (numbered 285-2)/108
3.Pagoda 3 in cave 285 (numbered 285-3)/110
4.Pagoda 4 in cave 285 (numbered 285-4)/114
5.Pagoda 5 in cave 285 (numbered 285-5)/114
6.Conclusion/116
2.2 The Pagoda in Mogao cave 328/117
1.The pagoda in cave 328/117
2.Construction date of the pagoda in cave 328/119
2.3 Pagodas in the Northern Area caves at Mogao/120
1.Pagodas in caves B142 and B77/120
2.Related issues about the pagodas in caves B142 and B77/123
CHAPTER 3 PAGODAS SITUATED ON THE BANK OF THE DANGQUAN RIVER, AT THE FOOT OF THE SANWEI MOUNTAINS, AND AT THE BACK SIDE OF THE MEMORIAL HALL OF MONK YUEZUN
3.1 Pagoda 12 on the east bank of the Dangquan River/125
1.General situation of Pagoda 12/125
2.Contents in Pagoda 12/127
3.Construction date and nature of Pagoda 12/130
4.Conclusion/131
3.2 Pagoda 16 on the east bank of the Dangquan River/134
1.General situation of Pagoda 16/134
2.Contents in Pagoda 16/134
3.3 Pagoda 17 on the east bank of the Dangquan River/149
1.General situation of Pagoda 17/149
2.Contents in Pagoda 17/150
3.4 Lamaist pagodas on the banks of the Dangquan River (Pagodas 1-3, 5-10, 13-15 and 18-19, totaling up to 14 pagodas)/162
1.Pagoda 1/163
2.Pagodas 2, 3 and 5/163
3.Pagodas 6-8/171
4.Pagodas 9-10/175
5.Pagodas 13-15/178
6.Pagoda 18/181
7.Pagoda 19/183
3.5 Pagodas of the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China/184
1.The pagoda of the Qing dynasty Lama (known as Luo Rangdan) (Pagoda 11)/184
2.The pagoda of Taoist Priest Wang Yuanlu (Pagoda 4)/186
3.Related issues about the pagodas in front of the caves (on the west bank of the Dangquan River)/189
3.6 Pagodas at the foot of the Sanwei Mountains and at the back side of the Memorial Hall of Monk Yuezun and The South Gate of Heaven/193
1.Pagodas at the foot of the Sanwei Mountains/193
2.Pagodas at the back side of the Memorial Hall of Monk Yuezun/193
3.The South Gate of Heaven/196
CHAPTER 4 PAGODAS RESPECTIVELY IN THE LAOJUN (LORD LAOZI) HALL ON THE TOP OF THE SANWEI MOUNTAIN, ON THE TOP OF THE HILL AT THE BACK OF GUANYINJING,AND IN THE QUEEN MOTHER’S PALACE
4.1 The Maitreya Pagoda/198
1.General situation of the Maitreya Pagoda/198
2.Contents in the Maitreya Pagoda/200
4.2 The Pagodas currently preserved at the Laojun Hall on the top of the Sanwei Moutain/211
1.Conical earthen pagodas/214
2.Circular earthen pagodas/229
3.Square earthen pagodas/233
4.3 Pagodas on the top of the hill at the back of Guanyinjing, and the wooden one in Queen Mother’s Palace/235
1.Pagodas on the top of the hill at the back of Guanyinjing/235
2.The wooden pagoda in Queen Mother’s Palace/235
CHAPTER 5 EARTHEN PAGODAS OF CHENGCHENGWAN AT DUNHUANG MOGAO GROTTOES AND OTHER RUINS
5.1 Large flower pagoda of Chengchengwan/239
1.General situation of the large flower pagoda/239
2.Contents in the large flower pagoda/244
3.Issues about the flower pagoda and its date/249
5.2 Small flower pagoda and others/253
1.General situation of the small flower pagoda/253
2.Contents in the small flower pagoda/255
3.Square City site/256
4.Conclusion/256
PART 2 RESEARCH OF THE PAGODAS CHAPTER 6 RELATED ISSUES ABOUT THE PAGODAS ON THE TOP OF THE CLIFF OF THE MOGAO CAVES
6.1 A study on the “Lotus-Flower Pagoda” mentioned in Dunhuang document The Distribution of Lighting Lamps in the Mogao Grottoes on November 8th in the Year of Xinhai/261
1.Neither pagodas above Mogao caves 143 and 161 are the lotus-flower pagoda/262
2.The lotus-flower pagoda refers to the one above Mogao cave 234/264
3.The lotus-flower pagoda constructed by Monk Wu/276
4.Conclusion/277
6.2 The contents in the pagodas above Mogao caves 156 and 161 and their relationship/278
1.Contents in Both Mogao caves 156 and 161 and the pagodas above them/281
2.A textual research on the relation between the pagoda above Mogao cave 161, the pagoda renovated by the Zhang family, and the temple of the Zhang family/288
3.On the relationship between Monk Wuzhen and Mogao cave 156/292
4.Dunhuang document P.397/293
5.The current two statues on the central altar in Mogao cave 161 are statues of children/300
6.The main statue on the central altar in Mogao cave 161 is the Guanyin statue with two or more arms/304
7.On the construction time, donors and nature of Mogao cave 161/314
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