Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? 1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 The scope of linguistics 1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 1.2 What is language? 1.2.1 Definitions of language 1.2.2 Design features of language 1.2.3 Functions of language Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 2 Phonology 2.1 The phonic medium of language 2.2 Phonetics 2.2.1 What is phonetics? 2.2.2 Organs of speech 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds ——broad and narrow transcriptions 2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds 2.3 Phonology 2.3.1 Phonology and phonetics 2.3.2 Phone, phoneme, and allophone 2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair 2.3.4 Some rules in phonology 2.3.5 Suprasegmental features —— stress, tone, intonation Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 3 Morphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Open class and closed class 3.3 Morphemes —— the minimal units of meaning 3.4 Analyzing word structures 3.5 Derivational and inflectional morphemes 3.6 Morphological rules of word formation 3.7 Derivation 3.8 Compounds Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 4 Syntax 4.1 What is syntax? 4.2 Categories 4.2.1 Word-level categories 4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structures 4.3 Phrase structure rule 4.3.1 XPrule 4.3.2 Coordination rule 4.4 Phrase elements 4.4.1 Specifiers 4.4.2 Complements 4.4.3 Modifiers 4.5 Sentences (The S rule) 4.6 Transformations 4.6.1 Auxiliary movement 4.6.2 Do insertion 4.6.3 Deep structure and surface structure 4.6.4 Wh movement 4.6.5 Move a and constraints on transformations Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 5 5.1 What is semantics? 5.2 Some views concerning the study of meaning 5.2.1 The naming theory 5.2.2 The conceptualist view 5.2.3 Contextualism 5.2.4 Behaviorism 5.3 Lexical meaning 5.3.1 Sense and reference 5.3.2 Major sense relations 5.4 Sense relations between sentences 5.5 Analysis of meaning 5.5.1 Componential analysis —— a way to analyze lexical meaning 5.5.2 Predication analysis —— a way to analyze sentence meaning Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 6 Pragmatics 6.1 Some basic notions 6.1.1 Definition 6.1.2 Pragmatics vs. semantics 6.1.3 Context 6.1.4 Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning 6.2 Speech act theory 6.2.1 Austin's model of speech acts 6.2.2 Searle's classification of speech acts 6.2.3 Indirect speech acts 6.3 Principle of conversation 6.4 Cross-cultural pragmatic failure Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 7 Language Change 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Phonological changes 7.3 Morphological and syntactic change 7.3.1 Addition of affixes 7.3.2 Loss of affixes 7.3.3 Change of word order 7.3.4 Change in negation rule 7.4 Lexical and semantic change 7.4.1 Addition of new words 7.4.2 Loss of words 7.4.3 Semantic changes 7.5 Some recent trends 7.5.1 Moving towards greater informality 7.5.2 The influence of American English 7.5.3 The influence of science and technology 7.6 The causes of language change Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 8 Language and Society 8.1 The scope of sociolinguistics 8.1.1 The relatedness between language and society 8.1.2 Speech community and speech variety 8.1.3 Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies 8.2 Varieties of language 8.2.1 Dialectal varieties 8.2.2 Register 8.2.3 Degree of formality 8.3 Standard dialect 8.4 Pidgin and Creole 8.5 Bilingualism and diglossia Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 9 Language and Culture 9.1 Introduction 9.2 What is culture? 9.3 The relationship between language and culture 9.4 Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 9.5 Linguistic evidence of cultural differences 9.5.1 Greetings and terms of address 9.5.2 Gratitude and compliments 9.5.3 Colour words 9.5.4 Privacy and taboos 9.5.5 Rounding off numbers 9.5.6 Words and cultural-specific connotations 9.5.7 Cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors 9.6 Culture contact, cultural overlap and diffusion 9.7 The significance of cultural teaching and learning 9.8 Intercultural communication Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 10 Language Acquisition 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Theories of child language acquisition 10.2.1 A behaviourist view of language acquisition 10.2.2 An innatist view of language acquisition 10.2.3 An interactionist view of language acquisition 10.3 Cognitive development in child language development 10.4 Language environment and the Critical Period Hypo thesis 10.5 Stages in child language development 10.5.1 Phonological development 10.5.2 Vocabulary development 10.5.3 Grammatical development 10.5.4 Pragmatic development 10.6 Atypical development Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Connections between first language acquisition and second language acquisition 11.3 Contrastive analysis 11.4 Error analysis 11.5 Interlanguage 11.6 The role of the native language in second language learning 11.7 Second language learning models and input hypothesis 11.8 Individual differences 11.9 Second language acquisition and its pedagogical implications Revision exercises For further reading
Chapter 12 Language and the Brain 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Neurolinguistics 12.2.1 What is neurolinguistics? 12.2.2 The struce and function of the human brain 12.2.3 Methods for the study of the brain and evidences for lateralization 12.2.4 Aphasia 12.3 Psycholinguistics 12.3.1 What is psycholinguistics? 12.3.2 Psycholinguistic research methods 12.3.3 Linguistics and language processing 12.3.4 Psycholinguistic modeling Revision exercises For further reading
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