preface to the reissue of the materials characterization series preface to series preface to the reissue of characterization of ceramics preface contributors powder and precursor preparation by solution techniques 1.1 introduction mixed ode processing chemical synthesis of powders 1.2 powder characterization physical characteristics chemical properties 1.3 precursor powder synthesis speciation and supersaturation growth 10, nucleation agglomeration 1.4 summary powder preparation by gas-phase techniques 2.1 introduction 2.2 powder production by thermal deition techniques aerosol precursor processes vapor precursor processes 2.3 powder production by plasma techniques 2.4 powder production by supercritical fluid techniques 2.5 powder characterization 2.6 summary formation of ceramic films and coatings 3.1 introduction 3.2 film deition and coating processes physical vapor deition chemical vapor deition solution and sol-gel techniques thermal spray processing hard carbon coatings 3.3 physical characterization density, porosity and voids morphology thickness surface finish 3.4 chemical characterization elemental analysis chemical state analysis microstructure 3.5 mechanical characterization adhesion hardness internal stress 3.6 summary consolidation of ceramic thick films 4.1 introduction 4.2 thick film processing 4.3 characterization of ceramic thick film consolidation characterization of films before thermal processing characterization of thick films during thermal processing characterization of sintered thick films 4.4 summary consolidation of bulk ceramics 5.1 introduction 5.2 ceramic consolidation green body fabrication pre-sinter thermal processing sintering/thermal consolidation 5.3 characterization of ceramics characteristics and characterization of green ceramic pacts characterization of pre-sinter thermal processes characteristics and characterization of sintered ceramics 5.4 summary …… inorganic glasses and glass-ceramics ceramic microstructures ceramic reactions and phase behavior mechanical properties and fracture ceramic ites glass and ceramic joints electronic and magic ceramics nondestructive evaluation appendix: technique summaries
controlling the partial pressure of oxygen over the reacting mixture can also havea profound effect on the rate of reaction in cases where the number of defects andeven the particular phases involved can be changed. the current interest in hightemperature superconductors provides an excellent example. because the range ofoxygen nonstoichiometry can be relatively large in these materials, the number ofanion vacancies can vary widely. the vacancy content of the product layer, in thisexample, will determine the diffusion rates within the barrier phase and therebycontrol the rate of reaction. the hedvall effect was mentioned previously as another potential influence onreactivity. since changes in rate have been noted during magic transitions, it mayseem reasonable to conclude that the internal magic field set up by the reactantsand products alters the rate of the reaction during that time. that raises the questionof whether or not the iition of an external magic field will affect the courseof a reaction involving magic materials. studies of this topic have——not alwaysagreed—see, for example, reference 30 and references therein. it is less controversial that an external electrical field will affect reactions, sincethere is frequently a flux of electrons involved in the particular overall reaction. thenature of the electrical contacts is important in such reactions; for example, is therea dosed—circuit conduction path or is there only a field applied without contacts?even the provision for a short circuit without the application of an external field willfacilitate many reactions. the buildup of charge barriers at interfaces such as grainboundaries bees an important consideration in these cases.
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