The field of materials science and engineering is important both from a scientific perspective, as well as from an engineering one. When discovering new materials, one encounters new phenomena that may not have been observed before. Hence, there is a lot of science to be discovered when working with materials. Materials science also provides test for theories in condensed matter physics. Material for an engineer is of the utmost importance. The usage of the appropriate materials is crucial when designing systems, and hence, engineers are always involved in materials. Thus, materials science is becoming increasingly important in an engineer's education. Polymer is also an important part of materials science. Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what we commonly call plastics. Plastics are really the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Polymers which have been around, and which are in current widespread use, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates. Plastics are generally classified as "commodity", "specialty" and "engineering" plastics. Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, etc. The dividing lines between the various types of plastics are not based on materials but rather on their properties and applications. For instance, polyethylene (PE) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas medium-density polyethylene (MDPE) is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints. Nanotechnology topics have been included at the end of this book. These topics include the study of materials with nano scale features (for instance, nano grain size), instruments that are needed to study nano scale features, processing techniques, and properties of materials with nano scale features. The author would like to acknowledge the efforts of the collaborating authors Qingjie Li, Hong Sun, Hongzhi Zhang, Zhenhua Wei, and, Xueyong Gong and Haitao Chang for writing the sections on medical polymer materials and assembling the chapter. The author would like to acknowledge with appreciation the numerous and valuable comments, suggestions, constructive criticisms and praise from evaluators and reviewers.
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