Rarely can a medieval work have resonated with the mood of the present as uncannily as do these three satires. Wickedly comic but impassioned, they express a vision of the world's descent into corruption and disaster which mirrors our own state of rampant alarm.The animal tales of the Roman de Renart - the Romance of Reynard the Fox - were immensely popular, and the characters in them, fox and wolf and ass and the rest, were an open invitation to savage satire. The poet Rutebeuf, in his startling Reynard Transformed, deploys the beasts to make a venomous attack on the mendicant orders and 'Saint' Louis IX of France. Reynard Crowned then has the Fox crowned king, establishing a reign of every vice. And most ambitiously of all, Jacquemart Gielée in The New Reynard, gripped by an increasingly pervasive sense of apocalypse, ends his poem with the Fox, the epitome of deceit and lies, seated in permanent control of the world atop a chocked, unturning Fortune's Wheel.The New Reynard is of special interest to musicologists. Songs play an important part in Renart le Nouvel's satirical and apocalyptic message, and the poem is renowned as the most abundant source of late medieval refrains.
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