This book is a unique combination of practical payload systems engineering and communications theory and applications. Payload systems engineering itself is a complex endeavor that people only learn on the job over many years time, and this book hopes to ease their learning path.? There are detailed books on how to design the various kinds of units, e.g., antennas, of a payload but seemingly no books focusing on unit performance at a level appropriate for systems engineering. Potential satellite owners, few of whom have worked in the satellite field, need help to understand how to get what they want from the manufacturer. The book is about communications satellites in geostationary and low-earth orbits today, both the so-called bent-pipe payloads and the processing payloads. The on-orbit environment, mitigated by the spacecraft bus, is described. The payload units (e.g. antennas and amplifiers), as well as payload-integration elements (e.g. waveguide and switches) are discussed in regard to how they work, what they do to the signal, their technology, environment sensitivity, and specifications. At a higher level are discussions on the payload as an entity: architecture including redundancy; specifications--what they mean, how they relate to unit specifications, and how to verify; and specification-compliance analysis (budgets) with uncertainty. Aspects of probability theory handy for calculating and using uncertainty and variation are presented. The highest-level discussions, on the end-to-end communications system, start with a practical introduction to physical-layer communications theory. Atmospheric effects and interference on the communications link are described. A chapter gives an example of optimizing a multibeam payload via probabilistic analysis. Finally, practical tips on system simulation and emulation are provided. The carrier frequencies treated are 1 GHz and above. Familiarity with Fourier analysis will enhance understanding of some topics. References are provided throughout the book for readers who want to dig deeper.
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