《物种起源》全名《论依据自然选择即在生存斗争中保存优良族的物种起源》(On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),是英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文系统阐述生物进化理论基础的生物学著作,1859年11月24日在伦敦出版。 该书中,达尔文根据20多年积累的对古生物学、生物地理学、形态学、胚胎学和分类学等许多领域的大量研究资料,以自然选择为中心,从变异性、遗传性、人工选择、生存竞争和适应等方面论证物种起源和生命自然界的多样性与统一性。 [1] 《物种起源》不仅开创了生物学发展史上的新纪元,使进化论思想渗透到自然科学的各个领域,而且引起了整个人类思想的巨大革命,在世界历史进程中有着广泛和深远的影响。
目录 PREFACE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I VARIATION UNDER DOMESTICATION CAUSES OF VARIABILITY EFFECTS OF HABIT AND OF THE USE OR DISUSE OF PARTS; CORRELATED VARIATION; INHERITANCE CHARACTER OF DOMESTIC VARIETIES; DIFFICULTY OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN VARIETIES AND SPECIES; ORIGIN OF DOMESTIC VARIETIES FROM ONE OR MORE SPECIES BREEDS OF THE DOMESTIC PIGEON, THEIR DIFFERENCES AND ORIGIN PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION ANCIENTLY FOLLOWED AND THEIR EFFECTS UNCONSCIOUS SELECTION CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE TO MANS POWER OF SELECTION CHAPTER II VARIATION UNDER NATURE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES DOUBTFUL SPECIES WIDE-RANGING, MUCH DIFFUSED, AND COMMON SPECIES VARY MOST SPECIES OF THE LARGER GENERA IN EACH COUNTRY VARY MORE FREQUENTLY THAN THE SPECIES OF THE SMALLER GENERA MANY OF THE SPECIES INCLUDED WITHIN THE LARGER GENERA RESEMBLE VARIETIES IN BEING VERY CLOSELY BUT UNEQUALLY, RELATED TO EACH OTHER, AND IN HAVING RESTRICTED RANGES SUMMARY CHAPTER III STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE THE TERM, STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE, USED IN A LARGE SENSE GEOMETRICAL RATIO OF INCREASE NATURE OF THE CHECKS TO INCREASE …… CHAPTER IV NATURAL SELECTION; OR THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST CHAPTER V LAWS OF VARIATION CHAPTER VI DIFFICULTIES OF THE THEORY CHAPTER VII MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION CHAPTER VIII INSTINCE CHAPTER IX HYBRIDISM CHAPTER X ON THE IMPERFECTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD CHAPTER XI ON THE GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF ORGANIC BEINGS CHAPTER XII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER XIII GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION-CONTINUED CHAPTER XIV MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF ORGANIC BEINGS: MORPHOLOGY-EMBRYOLOGY-RUDIMENTARY ORGANS CHAPTER XV RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION APPENDIX GLOSSARY OF THE PRINCIPAL SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME
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