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库存18件
作者[加]柯马克 著;本书翻译组 译
出版社上海远东出版社
ISBN9787547618837
出版时间2023-03
装帧平装
开本16开
定价88元
货号29573923
上书时间2024-11-03
前言
Introduction
I have wrote the essays in this collection for Yicai Global since 2020. I intended them to explain developments in the Chinese economy to a foreign (nonChinese) audience. While Chinese economic news and statistics have become increasingly accessible over time, many foreign media outlets often fail to provide sufficient context for the most recent data point, leaving their readers illinformed. My goal was to write datadriven, pertinent and concise pieces that draw on Chinas recent economic history and the experiences of other countries.
Chinas economy has evolved very rapidly. Indeed, the country I encountered in 1985, when I moved from Calgary to Tianjin to study Mandarin would be unrecognizable today. China was still plagued by pervasive shortages. As a result, we needed ration tickets to buy household necessities like rice, flour and cloth. There were no privatelyowned cars and we got around on bicycles and incredibly crowded busses. Unlike Tianjin, Beijing had a subway system, but its two lines didnt actually connect. There were very few private restaurants and the stateowned establishments had filthy table cloths and wait staff that perhaps would, or perhaps would not, take notice of you. Shopping was a hit or miss experience and we were often told the goods we wanted were not in stock, sold out or that we should come back tomorrow. At that time, China still used two currencies. The renminbi was used for most domestic transactions. However, since foreign exchange was in short supply, imported goods and exportquality Chinese goods could only be acquired with Foreign Exchange Certificates.
Today, China has more than $3 trillion in foreign exchange reserves, about twice Canadas GDP. I can shop for a mindboggling array of goods on my phone while riding Shanghais subway — the worlds most extensive — and have my purchases delivered to my front door. When I get hungry, I can dine on any cuisine I desire in restaurants where the food is delicious and the service is polite and attentive.
My training at the Bank of Canada taught me how important is to put context around numbers. Telling you that the debt of Chinas nonfinancial sector was RMB 274 trillion at the end of 2020 is practically meaningless. That number has to be scaled by GDP and then compared to the debttoGDP ratios of other countries before it begins to mean something. If we want to consider the sustainability of Chinas debt, we would have to look at its currency composition, its maturity profile and the nationality of the creditors in addition to its size relative to GDP.
The essays in this book are divided into four parts.
Those in Part Ⅰ look at the growth path implied by the Central Committees desire to have per capita GDP double by 2030. They stress the importance of innovation and productivity. They discuss Chinas successes in satellite technology, digital currency, highspeed rail and 5G communications. They then turn to the risks posed by stagnating productivity, the debt burden, demographic decline and the housing market.
In Part Ⅱ, the essays explain the frameworks central banks use to analyse economic developments. They also offer examples of how alternative data sources can enhance our understanding of the business cycle.
In Part Ⅲ, the essays discuss Chinas relationship with the rest of the world. While acknowledging the tensions, they stress the high costs of decoupling and the extent to which the foreign business community is in China for the long haul.
In Part Ⅳ, the essays describe how the pandemic affected Chinas economy and the role of government policy in limiting the fallout from COVID-19.
These essays try to be evidencebased and the points they make are supported with extensive reference to economic data. This book is designed to inform the interested layperson as well as the economic expert. I hope that by providing a clearer context for Chinas economic news, these essays can contribute to a deeper understanding of the countrys challenges and its policy choices.
It has been a privilege to write for Yicai Global. I would like to thank Yang Yanqing, Chen Juan and Xia Ruirui for their support and encouragement.
前 言
本书中的文章是我自2020年起为一财全球所撰写。我想通过这些文章,向外国(非中国)读者阐释中国经济的发展。虽然随着时间的推移,中国的经济新闻和统计数据变得越来越容易获得,但是许多外国媒体往往不能为的数据点提供足够的背景,这使得它们的读者一知半解。我的目标是,借鉴中国近期的经济史和其他国家的经验,写出以数据为导向、中肯而简洁的文章。
中国的经济发展非常迅速。事实上,我在1985年从卡尔加里搬到天津学习汉语普通话时邂逅的这个国家,今天已经依稀难辨了。当时的中国还受困于普遍存在的短缺中。因此,我们需要配给票来购买大米、面粉和布料等生活必需品。当时没有私家车,我们出行靠的是自行车和拥挤不堪的公交车。与天津不同的是,北京有一个地铁系统,但它的两条线路实际上并不连通。私营餐馆很少,国有餐馆的桌布很脏,服务员可能会理睬你,也可能不会。购物或成功或遗憾,我们经常被告知我们想要的商品没有存货,卖完了,或者我们应该明天再来。那时候,中国仍然使用两种货币。大多数国内交易使用人民币。然而,由于外汇紧缺,进口商品和出口品质的中国商品只能用外汇券购买。
今天,中国拥有超过3万亿美元的外汇储备,大约是加拿大GDP的两倍。我可以在乘坐全世界长的地铁——上海地铁时,在手机上选购数量多到令人难以置信的商品,而且有人会将我购买的东西送上门。饿了的时候,我可以在餐馆里吃到任何想要的美食,餐馆的食物很美味,服务礼貌而周到。
我在加拿大银行的培训告诉我,把数字的来龙去脉说清楚是多么重要。只告诉你中国非金融部门的债务在2020年底是274万亿人民币,实际上是没有意义的。这个数字必须以GDP来衡量,然后与其他国家的债务与GDP的比率相比较,才开始有意义。如果我们要考虑中国债务的可持续性,除了其相对于GDP的规模外,我们还必须研究其货币构成、到期情况和债权人的国籍。
本书中的文章分为四个部分。
部分探讨了中央委员会希望到2030年人均GDP翻番的愿望所暗示的增长路径。这部分文章强调了创新和生产力的重要性,讨论了中国在卫星技术、数字货币、高速铁路和5G通信方面的成功,而后转向生产力停滞、债务负担、人口下降和房地产市场带来的风险。
在第二部分中,文章解释了中央银行用来分析经济发展的框架。并提供了一些例子,说明替代数据来源如何能够加强我们对商业周期的理解。
在第三部分中,文章讨论了中国与世界其他国家的关系。在承认紧张关系的同时,强调了脱钩的高成本以及外国商界在中国的长期发展程度。
第四部分的文章描述了疫情如何影响中国的经济,以及政府政策在限制新冠影响方面发挥的作用。
这些文章试图以事实为依据,其中提出的观点得到了大量经济数据的支持。本书旨在为感兴趣的非专业人士以及经济学专家提供信息。我希望这些文章通过为中国的经济新闻提供一个更清晰的背景,可以帮助读者更深入地了解中国面临的挑战及其政策选择。
很荣幸能为一财全球撰稿。谨此感谢杨燕青、陈娟和夏睿睿的支持和鼓励。
本书是柯马克2020年以来为财经定期撰写的关于中国经济发展分析的原创评论文章汇编,关注了当下中国经济中引人关注的话题,如GDP增速、中美冲突、科技自主创新、“双循环”战略、房地产、老龄化少子化等。这些评论性文章首次在传媒平台发布后引起了国际社会的关注,其中,斯里兰卡总统戈塔巴雅·拉贾帕克萨在Facebook官方账号上对文章内容进行过点评,并引发当地媒体的报道。马克也相继参加了加拿大阿尔伯塔大学、上海加拿大商会、加拿大中国友好协会在内的多个国际机构关于中国经济的讨论活动,向海外高端受众讲述中国发展模式。在书中,柯马克结合当下中国经济的发展情况,通过扎实的数据以及专业的分析,向海内外商界决策人士讲述中国经济的发展模式及其背后的发展逻辑,深入分析在当前复杂多变的形势下,中国经济如何突破困难,逆势而上。
柯马克(Mark Kruger),加拿大经济学家,现定居上海。现任一财全球评论版主编,一财研究院、加拿大国际治理创新中心(CIGI)和加拿大阿尔伯塔大学中国学院高级研究员。曾任加拿大央行国际部高级政策主任、国际货币基金组织(IMF)加拿大执行董事高级顾问、加拿大驻华大使馆财经处负责人。作为长期在中国生活并熟悉中国的经济学家,以及坚定的友华人士,马克以数据分析为驱动,通过过硬的专业水准向海外政商界决策人士讲述中国经济的发展模式及其背后的发展逻辑。
Mark Kruger is a Canadian economist now based in Shanghai. He is the Opinion Editor at Yicai Global. He holds Senior Fellow appointments at the Yicai Research Institute, the Centre for International Governance Innovation and University of Alberta’s China Institute. Previously, Mark was a Senior Policy Director in the Bank of Canada’s International Department, a Senior Advisor to the Canadian Executive Director at the IMF and head of the Economic and Financial Section in the Canadian Embassy in Beijing. Mark began his career at the Alberta Petroleum Marketing Commission. You can find Mark’s short, data-driven insights into China’s economy here: https://www.yicaiglobal.com/opinion/mark.kruger.
CONTENTS
Part I Growth and Risk Over the Medium Term 1
How Fast Will China Grow Over the Next 15 Years 3
China’s Path to High-Income Status Lessons from Recent
Success Stories 11
Can China Be the Next South Korea 23
Beidou China’s First Outer Space Infrastructure Project 33
PBOC’s Virtual Renminbi Is Becoming a Reality 38
China’s High-Speed Rail A Case Study in Independent Innovation 46
5G and the Competition to Win the 21st Century 52
Is China’s Investment Really That Unproductive 58
How Sustainable Is China’s Debt 66
China Needs More Defaults and More Meaningful Credit Ratings 77
Is China Facing a Demographic Crisis 84
How Can China Promote a Sustainable Increase in Household
Consumption 94
Mooncake Madness 102
American Families Only Half as Rich as Those in Chinese Cities 107
How Should We Think About Rising Home Prices 113
Property Developers: Debt Taking Aim at the Grey Rhino 122
Why Not Eliminate Corporate Income Taxes 130
How Can China Achieve Carbon Neutrality By 2060 140
Part II Data and Analytic Techniques 149
China’s Economy The View From the IMF 151
Are Central Banks Behind the Curve on Inflation 159
Big Mac Prices — No Bull 170
Is the US Chip Export Ban Consistent With Its WTO Commitments 180
Can Robots Help Mitigate China’s Demographic Decline 188
The Demise of China’s Private Sector Greatly Exaggerated 201
Part III China and the Rest of the World 213
US Companies In China for the Long Haul 215
Will Japanese Firms Desert China 224
Shall the Twain Never Meet 232
The High Cost of US-China Decoupling 244
China’s Balance of Payments Show the Dual Circulation Strategy
at Work 250
How Long Will Foreign Investors’ Love Affair With Chinese Bonds
Last 261
Can China and the US Cooperate and Reform the WTO 271
Are the Worst in US-China Relations Behind Us 279
China and American Foreign Policy for the Middle Class 289
Part IV The Pandemic and the Chinese Government’s Response 295
Advice from VoxEu Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes 297
How Will China Manage Massive Layoffs 303
Is China Decapitalizing Its Banks 309
Are the Chinese Banks Really Supporting the Recovery 317
COVID 19 Is Accelerating China-US Convergence 326
Trust in Chinese Government Defies Global Trend 332
目 录
部分 中期经济增长和风险 / 2
未来15年中国经济预期增速是多少? / 7
中国通向高收入国家之路 / 17
中国会成为下一个韩国吗? / 28
北斗:中国首个外太空基础设施建设工程 / 35
中国人
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