中国文化（哲学思想）
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作者吾淳
出版社五洲传播出版社
ISBN9787508527451
出版时间2015-05
装帧平装
开本16开
定价128元
货号23897964
上书时间2024-10-27
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前言
Preface
Chinese philosophy is an extensive and profound subject that has had a deep and lasting impact on China’s history and culture. In particular, the advocacy of benevolence, which is a central part of Confucianism and which reflects a broad-minded, virtue-based attitude toward the world, has become a central and highly valued part of the spirit of the nation. At the same time, Taoist wisdom, which is “as infinite as heaven and earth and as inexhaustible as rivers”, provides a deep and undying source of motivation for the survival and development of the Chinese nation. Throughout her history, China has returned again and again to those ancient sages and generations of Chinese have reread their classic texts, listened to their teachings, and asked themselves the deep questions that this study has inspired. In fact, Chinese philosophy, based on Confucianism and Taoism, is among the most important and most precious cultural legacies that humankind possesses. The virtue and wisdom it contains can be compared favorably to any other school of philosophy from anywhere else around the world.
As part of the Chinese Culture Series, this book is an introduction to Chinese philosophy structured by subject rather than history. Although this approach makes it impossible to present a complete narrative, this is not a problem. It must be realised that, when looking at over 3,000 years of thinking, many marginal details can be left out without compromising a general, overall understanding of the subject. This is true not only for the history of philosophy, but also for the history of literature, science and art. Hopefully, after having read this book, readers will be left with an exciting impression of the subject, and will be inspired to do further research and reading to get a deeper understanding.
This book is divided into five subjects, which look at five key questions – What is the Nature of the World? What are the Relationships between Things? What are the Social Norms? What is the Proper Orientation of Life? and What is the Structure of Knowledge? In my view, these are the five most basic questions (or subjects) in Chinese philosophy (though they can be broken down into a series of more specific questions). It is worth noting that, of the five subjects mentioned above, the first and the second actually have a profound religious and intellectual background, while the third and the fourth involve social and moral issues. These are the four questions around which many significant thoughts in Chinese philosophy revolve. They are also the four subjects that form the framework of my recent book The Origin of Chinese Philosophy: the Development and Formation of Ideas, Concepts and Thoughts before the Era of Eastern Zhou Philosophers. Although these four subjects are key, the fifth ‘What is the Structure of Knowledge?’ is also very important. It is interesting to note that Taoism places great importance on the first, second and fifth subjects. This is a consequence of its profound intellectual background, as well as its focus on more essential and abstract issues, such as the laws governing the world and the origin of the universe. Although these philosophical issues are difficult to grasp and describe, Taoism presents a unique outlook on knowledge and language. In comparison, Confucianism is more interested in the third, fourth and fifth subjects. This focus is reflected in its theory of self-cultivation, statecraft, and its idea of the combination of “inner sage” and “outer ruler.” According to Confucianism, a person’s life should begin with “investigating things to achieve knowledge” (gewu zhizhi). The aim of this should be to attain an ideal character (becoming the “inner sage”) through the moral cultivation of one’s self. The eventual goal should be to apply oneself to social practice and to achieve the goal of “regulating the family, ruling the state, and maintaining peace for all under Heaven” (becoming the “outer ruler”). An understanding of these ideas, their structures and their relationships with the other major schools of thought may help with the reading of this book and, in turn, help with the development of a deeper understanding of the essentials of Chinese philosophy.
In order to present a relatively complete overview of Chinese philosophy and its issues, this book uses a combination of ideas, concepts and categories to cover a range of thoughts, theories and doctrines. This multi-faceted approach is taken to make the book as comprehensive as possible and to aid understanding of the concepts it covers. The approach taken is important as if, for example, the book only focused on concepts or categories, it would not provide a clear view of some important theories, and might miss out some of the brilliant discussions that have taken place around a certain issue. On the other hand, a narrative only based on theories and doctrines would miss out many crucial concepts and the important ideas they contain.
Given the limitations of the book’s length it was decided that the only viable approach would be to highlight key points, including the thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, especially those of their founders Confucius and Lao Tzu. It was also decided to focus on the pre-Qin period, during which many of the thoughts and theories of Chinese philosophy were developed (e.g. the Confucian theory of human nature and ideas on character, and Taoist dialectics). The book does give attention to later developments, where appropriate, however, omissions are inevitable, and it is hoped that readers will be inspired to find out more.
There are some other features about the way in which this book has been written that are worth mentioning here. First, I have tried to present Chinese philosophy as it really is. This is important as recently, under the influence of Western philosophy and trends of thought, the way in which issues covered by Chinese philosophy are described, including the terminology that is employed, has become increasingly Westernized, so much so that its identity has been blurred. This book therefore tries to get to the essence of what Chinese philosophy was originally like. It looks at the impact that science has had on its development and looks at the concepts of yin and yang, the Five Elements and Dao and Li. It investigates the close relationship between philosophy and teaching, and how it has been put into practice on a social level. It highlights the special role and significance of musical aesthetics in philosophical thinking, and the relationship of philosophy to the development of belief and knowledge. Furthermore, because of the “international” nature of this book, it also includes some cross-cultural comparisons, which should encourage readers to investigate further for themselves. These comparisons look at areas of disagreement, such as the different attitudes toward Divinity and divination that exist. They also look at areas of commonality, such as the similarity between Chinese family and clan rules and the Jewish Torah regarding ethical issues. Overall, they show that Chinese thinking and philosophy share common ground with other ways of thinking.
I am indebted to Professor Cui Yiming, the co-editor of the textbook – Chinese Philosophical Ideas (East China Normal University Press, 1998) – upon which this book is based, for his contribution. In fact, some passages in this book have been directly quoted from the textbook. I would also like to thank Jiang Kaitian, the PhD candidate under my tutelage, who has helped me to collate materials and who has given me some good advice. My thanks also go to China Intercontinental Press (CIP) for giving me this opportunity to introduce Chinese philosophy to the rest of the world and also for supplying the pictures in this book and translating it into English.
导语摘要
本书不是以历史的线索而是以专题的线索来叙述中国哲学。全书共分五个专题，分别是：世界的性质是怎样的；事物的关系是怎样的；社会的准则是怎样的；人生的取向是怎样的；认识的结构是怎样的。其中前两部分是关于自然或世界的看法，第三、四部分是关于社会和人生的看法，第五部分则是对认识与智慧本身的看法。本书的目的在于使读者对中国博大精深的哲学思想有一个*基本的了解，也即对古代中国那些**秀、*伟大的智者和智慧有一个*基本的了解。
作者简介
吾淳，亦名吾敬东，祖籍浙江衢州，1955年生于上海。现为上海师范大学哲学与跨文化研究所教授，主要从事中国思维与哲学发生和范型问题研究，兼涉中国古代科学、伦理、宗教以及艺术。发表学术论文百余篇，出版各类著作十余部，其中中国文化研究已形成系列，包括：《中国思维形态——发生与成型期的考察》（上海人民出版社，1998）、《古代中国科学范型——从文化、思维和哲学的角度考察》（中华书局，2002）、《中国社会的伦理生活——主要关于儒家伦理可能性问题的研究》（中华书局，2007）、《中国社会的宗教传统——巫术与伦理的对立和共存》（上海三联书店，2009）、《中国哲学的起源——前诸子时期观念、概念、思想发生发展与成型的历史》（上海人民出版社，2010）。
目录
Contents
Preface
WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE WORLD?
The Birth of Beliefs
Shen, the Religious Source of Chinese Philosophical Ideas
Atheism
The Formation of Concepts about Nature
Yin and Yang and the Five Elements: the Intellectual Source of Chinese Philosophical Ideas
Vestiges of Magic
Observation and Thinking about Phenomena
The Concept of Difference or Diversity
The Concept of Change or Changeability
Sameness and Difference, Constancy and Change
The Quest for Essence and Laws
Dao
Li
Qi
WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THINGS?
The Relationship Between Heaven and the Human, and its Religious and Intellectual Background
The Religious Approach to the Heaven- Human Relationship
The Intellectual Approach to the Heaven- human Relationship
The Dialectical Outlook
Opposition
Mutual Reliance
Transformation
Relativity
The Holistic Outlook
The Golden Mean
Consideration of Both Sides
Synthesis
Association
WHAT ARE SOCIAL NORMS?
Moral Consciousness and the Establishment of Confucian Moral Principles
The Zhou Dynasty: the Origin of the Sense of Morality
Confucius: the Tradition of Rites and the Spirit of Benevolence
The Development of Confucian Soc
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