目录 目 录 Acknowledgements 8 Abstract 10 摘 要 12 ABBREVIATIONS 14 Chapter 1 15 Introduction 15 1.1 Orientation of the Research 15 1.2 Rationale and Research Questions 15 1.3 Definition of Key Terms 19 1.3.1 Bilingual and Bilingualism 19 1.3.2 Priming and Syntactic Priming 21 1.4 Organization of the Book 22 Chapter 2 24 Syntactic Priming 24 2.1 Syntactic Priming in Spontaneous Language 24 2.2 Experimental Studies on Syntactic Priming 25 2.3 Bilingual Syntactic Priming 27 2.4 Techniques in Syntactic Priming Exploration 29 2.4.1 Behavioural Techniques 30 2.4.2 Computer Simulation 34 2.4.3 Brain Imaging Techniques 35 2.4.4 Corpus-based Techniques 36 2.5 Summary 37 Chapter 3 38 Mechanisms of Syntactic Representation and Processing 38 3.1 A Blueprint of Speech Production (Levelt, 1989, 1999a) 38 3.2 Lexical Access in Speech Production 40 3.3 Lexical Access in Bilingual Speech Production 43 3.4 Grammatical Encoding 46 3.5 Mechanisms of Syntactic Priming 48 3.5.1 Syntactic Priming is not Affected by Lexical, Prosodic and Semantic Factors 48 3.5.2 Implicit Learning Account 48 3.5.3 Transient Activation Account 51 3.5.4 Mechanisms of Syntactic Priming across Languages 53 3.5.5 Interactive Alignment Account 56 3.5.6 Critiques 56 3.6 Grammatical Encoding in Syntactic Priming 58 3.6.1 The Two-stage Account 58 3.6.2 The One-stage Account 59 3.6.3 Critiques 61 3.7 Summary 62 Chapter 4 64 Bilingual Syntactic Representation 64 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Active and Passive Constructions 66 4.3 Experiment 1 68 4.3.1 Participants 68 4.3.2 Research Design 68 4.3.3 Materials 70 4.3.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 70 4.3.5 Results 71 4.4 Experiment 2 71 4.4.1 Participants 71 4.4.2 Research Design 72 4.4.3 Materials 72 4.4.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 72 4.4.5 Results 72 4.5 Experiment 3 73 4.5.1 Participants 73 4.5.2 Research Design 73 4.5.3 Materials 73 4.5.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 73 4.5.5 Results 74 4.6 Discussion 74 4.6.1 Explaining the within-Chinese Experiment 75 4.6.2 Partial Integration Account 76 4.6.3 L1 Dominance Account 77 4.7 Summary 81 Chapter 5 83 Syntactic Priming Increases while L2 Proficiency Develops 83 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 DO and PO Constructions 85 5.3 Validating the C-Test as Measure of L2 Proficiency 86 5.3.1 Participants 87 5.3.2 Instruments 88 5.3.3 Results and Discussion 89 5.4 Experiment 4 93 5.4.1 Participants 93 5.4.2 Research Design 93 5.4.3 Procedure 94 5.4.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 95 5.4.5 Results 95 5.5 Experiment 5 96 5.5.1 Participants. 96 5.5.2 Research Design 96 5.5.3 Materials. 97 5.5.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 97 5.5.5 Results 97 5.6 Discussion 99 5.7 Summary 101 Chapter 6 103 Implicit Learning or Transient Activation? 103 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Experiment 6 104 6.2.1 Participants 104 6.2.2 Research Design and Research Hypothesis 104 6.2.3 Procedure 107 6.2.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 107 6.2.5 Results 107 6.3 Discussion 109 6.4 Summary 112 Chapter 7 114 Role of Word Order in Sentence Production 114 7.1 Introduction 114 7.2 Experiment 7 116 7.2.1 Participants 116 7.2.2 Research Design 116 7.2.3 Materials 116 7.2.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 117 7.2.5 Results 117 7.3 Experiment 8 118 7.3.1 Participants 118 7.3.2 Research Design 118 7.3.3 Materials 118 7.3.4 Scoring and Data Analysis 118 7.3.5 Results 118 7.4 Discussion 119 7.5 Summary 122 Chapter 8 123 Conclusions and Implications 123 8.1 Major Findings 123 8.1.1 Bilingual Syntactic Representation 123 8.1.2 Development of Bilingual Syntactic Representation 124 8.1.3 Mechanisms of Cross-linguistic Syntactic Priming 125 8.1.4 Grammatical Encoding in Bilingual Syntactic Processing 126 8.1.5 Summary 127 8.2 Implications 128 8.3 Limitations and Future Research 130 References 132 Appendices 143 Appendix I 143 Chinese Active Primes Used in Experiments 1, 3, 5 and 7 143 Chinese Passive Primes Used in Experiments 1, 3, 5 and 7 143 Chinese Baseline Primes Used in Experiments 1, 3, 5 and 7 143 Appendix II 144 English Active Primes Used in Experiment 2 144 English Passive Primes Used in Experiment 2 144 English Baseline Primes Used in Experiment 2 144 Appendix III 145 Chinese Training Stems Used in Experiment 4 145 DO Training Stems 145 PO Training Stems 145 Chinese Prime Stems Used in Experiment 4 145 DO Prime Stems 145 PO Prime Stems 146 English Target Stems Used in Experiment 4 146 Appendix IV 146 Materials Used in Experiment 6 146 Chinese Training Stems under the Same Verbs Condition 146 DO Training Stems 146 PO Training Stems 146 Chinese Training Stems under the Different Verbs Condition 147 DO Training Stems 147 PO Training Stems 147 Chinese Prime Stems 147 DO Prime Stems 147 PO Prime Stems 147 English Target Stems 147 Appendix V 148 German Active Primes Used in Experiment 8 148 German Passive Primes Used in Experiment 8 148 German Baseline Primes Used in Experiment 8 148 Appendix VI 149 The C-Test Battery 149
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