Preface Study Region Summary 1 Development in West Asia / 01 1.1 Economy and Society / 02 1.1.1 Macro Economy / 02 1.1.2 Humanity and Society / 03 1.1.3 Regional Cooperation / 05 1.1.4 Development Policy / 06 1.2 Energy and Power / 07 1.2.1 Energy Development / 07 1.2.2 Power Development / 11 2 Sustainable Energy Development in West Asia / 15 2.1 Severe Challenges During Sustainable Energy Development / 16 2.1.1 Long-Term and High-Intensity Exploitation of Oil and Natural Gas Resources / 16 2.1.2 Competition for Global Oil and Natural Gas Exports Is Fierce, and Future Demand Will Decline / 16 2.1.3 Fossil Energy Subsidies Are Too High, Energy Development Needs to Improve Quality and Efficiency / 17 2.1.4 The Climate and Environmental Constraints Are Becoming Stricter, and The Energy Industry Is Under Pressure to Reduce Emissions / 18 2.1.5 Market Competitiveness of Clean Energy Needs to Be Improved / 19 2.2 Ideas and Directions for Sustainable Energy Development / 20 2.2.1 Energy Supply Changes to Clean-Dominated / 20 2.2.2 Energy Consumption Changes to Electricity-Centered / 20 2.2.3 Energy Allocation Changes to Interconnection / 21 2.2.4 Promoting Economic Transition with Energy Technology Industry Innovation / 22 3 Energy and Power Development Trend and Outlook / 23 3.1 Energy Demand / 24 3.1.1 Primary Energy / 24 3.1.2 Final Energy / 27 3.2 Power Demand / 30 3.2.1 Drivers of Power Demand Growth / 30 3.2.2 Power Demand Outlook / 38 3.3 Power Supply / 40 4 Development Layout of Clean Energy Resources / 47 4.1 Distribution of Clean Energy Resources / 48 4.1.1 Wind Energy / 48 4.1.2 Solar Energy / 49 4.2 Layout of Clean Energy Bases / 51 4.2.1 Wind Power Bases / 51 4.2.2 Solar Power Bases / 52 5 Power Grid Interconnection / 55 5.1 Power Flow / 56 5.1.1 Balance of Supply and Demand / 57 5.1.2 Power Flow Scheme / 57 5.2 Grid Interconnection / 59 5.2.1 Overall Pattern / 59 5.2.2 Interconnection Scheme / 61 5.3 Key Interconnection Projects / 64 5.3.1 West Asia—Europe Interconnection Projects / 64 5.3.2 West Asia—Africa Interconnection Projects / 65 5.3.3 West Asia—South Asia Interconnection Projects / 66 5.4 Investment Estimation / 67 5.4.1 Investment Estimation Principle / 67 5.4.2 Investment Estimation Results / 69 6 Comprehensive Benefits / 71 6.1 Economic Benefits / 72 6.2 Social Benefits / 72 6.3 Environmental Benefits / 73 6.4 Political Benefits / 75 7 Development Outlook of Achieving the 1.5℃ Temperature Control Target / 77 7.1 Implementation Paths / 78 7.1.1 Clean Replacement / 78 7.1.2 Electricity Replacement / 79 7.1.3 Carbon Sequestration and Reduction / 79 7.2 Scenarios and Schemes / 80 7.2.1 Energy Demand / 80 7.2.2 Power Demand / 82 7.2.3 Power Supply / 83 7.2.4 Power Grid Interconnection / 85 7.2.5 Comparative Analysis / 85 8 Policy and Mechanism / 87 Appendix: Roadmap of Energy Transition in West Asia / 90 References / 91
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