作者介绍 A culture isno longer 'a knowledge system inherited from the ancestors': it is rather'a set of ideas, attributes, and expectations that is constantly changingas people react to' the different circumstances that cultures themselvescreate (Watson 2004: 145). Broadly, this model has evolved from theconcept of a culture as shared social practices that was put forward bythe French sociologist, Pierre Bourdieu (1977). Social practices are the recurrent activities of a community. Thus aliteracy practice could be 'blogging' and a given community of practicewould be bloggers who were sharing the activity. In this sense practicesare also linguistic and therefore fashion shared discourses, or discoursecommunities (see for example, Swales 1990). Communities of practicecould also be shaped by professions, or the use of common skills. Central to the conception of a social practice is its existence in timeand space Oenkin~ 1992). We can see how 'space' is critical when weconsider how twenty-first century practices are fashioned by whetherthey unfold in a shared physical location or at an international dis-tance but within shared cyber space. Their nature is then affected bythe type of space, as when one can analyse a class from the perspec-tive of how it arranges and uses the classroom, or appraise our ownworking practices through how they compartmentalise our desk space,or take us into the world outside. In each case the activity may unfold from real into virtual space and this will have a radical effect upon its nature. Even when it passes into virtual space, however, the practice may remain localised in both a metaphorical and literal sense. It is lit- erally localised in that it can unfold in a computer user's room, positing lives of greater confinement than might have been tolerable in some older societies. It is metaphorically localised in that it might use a chat room that is reserved for a select community. …… 序言
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