Contents INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of the Course 1 2 Model of English Pronunciation 2 3 Spelling and Sounds 3 4 Phonemic and Phonetic Transcription 7 5 Key to Phonetic Symbols and Other Signs 8 CHAPTER ONE Individual Sounds of English Unit 1 Articulators 11 Unit 2 English Phonemes 14 2.1 Phonemes and Allophones 14 2.2 Classification of English Phonemes 15 Unit 3 Front Vowels: /??/, /?/, /?/, /?/ 22 Unit 4 Central Vowels: /?/, /??/, /?/ 38 Unit 5 Back Vowels: /??/, /?/, /??/, /?/, /??/ 48 Unit 6 Diphthongs 64 6.1 Closing Diphthongs: /??/, /??/, /??/, /??/, /??/ 64 6.2 Centering Diphthongs: /??/, /??/, /??/ 80 Unit 7 Plosives: /?, ?/, /?, ?/, /?, ?/ 89 7.1 Bilabial Plosives /?, ?/ 89 7.2 Alveolar Plosives /?, ?/ 96 7.3 Velar Plosives /?, ?/ 105 Unit 8 Fricatives: /?, ?/, /?, ?/, /?, ?/, /?, ?/, /?/ 112 8.1 Labio-Dental Fricatives /?, ?/ 112 8.2 Dental Fricatives /?, ?/ 118 8.3 Alveolar Fricatives /?, ?/ 123 8.4 Palato-Alveolar Fricatives /?, ?/ 131 8.5 Glottal Fricative /?/ 136 Unit 9 Affricates /??, ??/ 140 Unit 10 Nasals: /?/, /?/, /?/ 146 10.1 Bilabial Nasal /?/ 146 10.2 Alveolar Nasal /n/ 148 10.3 Velar Nasal /?/ 152 Unit 11 Lateral /?/ 155 Unit 12 Approximants: /?/, /?/, /?/ 159 12.1 Post-Alveolar Approximant /?/ 159 12.2 Palatal Approximant /?/ 162 12.3 Labial-Velar Approximant /?/ 165 CHAPTER TWO Phonemes in Combination Unit 13 English Syllable 172 13.1 The Nature of English Syllable 172 13.2 The Structure of English Syllable 173 13.3 Pronunciation of -s Endings 177 13.4 Pronunciation of -ed Endings 179 Unit 14 Consonant Clusters 182 14.1 Consonant Clusters at the Beginning of Syllables 182 14.2 Consonant Clusters at the End of Syllables 194 14.3 Longer Consonant Clusters at Word Boundaries 200 CHAPTER THREE Sound Changes in Connected Speech Unit 15 Strong and Weak Forms 203 15.1 The Use of Weak Forms 204 15.2 The Use of Strong Forms 209 Unit 16 Linking (Liaison) 211 16.1 Linking Consonant to Vowel 211 16.2 Linking Consonant to the Same Consonant 212 16.3 Linking Consonant to Consonant 213 Unit 17 Elision (Contractions) 217 17.1 Loss of Weak Vowels (in unstressed syllables) 217 17.2 Loss of Medial Consonant in Clusters of Three Consonants 218 17.3 Elision of /?/ in Weak Forms of Pronouns 218 17.4 Contraction of Verb Forms (auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries) 219 Unit 18 Assimilation 222 18.1 Historical Assimilation 222 18.2 Contextual Assimilation 224 CHAPTER FOUR Stress Patterns Unit 19 Introduction to Stress 228 19.1 The Nature of Stress 228 19.2 The Levels of Stress 229 19.3 The Kinds of Stress 230 Unit 20 Word Stress 231 20.1 Stressing of Prefix 231 20.2 Stressing of Suffix 232 20.3 Stressing of Compounds 234 20.4 Stress Shift 244 Unit 21 Sentence Stress 248 21.1 Sense Stress 248 21.2 Logical Stress 255 21.3 Emotional Stress 255 CHAPTER FIVE Intonation Unit 22 Intonation (1) 257 22.1 Falling and Rising Tones 257 22.2 Tails 259 22.3 Question Tags 261 22.4 Cleft Sentences 263 22.5 Questions (1) 264 22.6 Questions (2) 267 Unit 23 Intonation (2) 270 23.1 Repeat Questions 270 23.2 Comparisons and Contrasts 273 23.3 Requests and Reservation 276 23.4 Attitude Words and Phrases (1) 278 23.5 Attitude Words and Phrases (2) 280 AppendixⅠ Rules of Pronunciation 283 Appendix?Ⅱ Differences in Pronunciation between British English and American English 293 Appendix?Ⅲ English Syllable Structure 304 Appendix?Ⅳ Tense-Lax Vowel Alternations in Stressed Syllables of Base Forms and Derived Words 305 References 307
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