Tribe Mutisieae Cass., J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts 88: 199. 1819. Type: Mutisia L. f.
Gerbereae (Gerberieae) Lindl., Encycl. Pl.: 1074. 1829. Type: Gerbera L.
Adenocaulinae A. Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1: 59. 1884. Type: Adenocaulon Hook.
Perennial herbs, shrubs, rarely vines, often scapose. Leaves alternate, often in basal rosettes. Capitula most radiate (discoid only in Adenocaulon in the Pan-Himalaya). Florets corollas variously colored; marginal corollas mostly bilabiate; disc corollas bilabiate or tubular, shallowly lobed; anther apical appendage not constricted or demarcated; style shallowly bilobed to bifid, usually dorsally papillose only above the style bifurcation point, papillae rounded, never acute, apex rounded. Achene often glandular; pappus of bristles, one to several seriate, rarely absent (only Adenocaulon in the Pan-Himalaya).
Fourteen genera (ca. 220 species): mainly distributed in southern South America, a few in Africa,Australia, Asia, Central and North America; five genera in the Pan-Himalaya.
1a. Achenes apically stipitate glandular; pappus absent 1. Adenocaulon 1b. Achenes never glandular; pappus usually present.
2a. Dimorphic herbs, with two (vernal and autumnal) phases in one year;scape bracteates 2. Leibnitzia
2b. Monomorphic herbs, with only one phase in one year; scape often ebracteate.
Herbs, perennial, often scapose and stout. Leaves alternate or rosulate, glabrous above, tomentose beneath; blade ovate, broadly triangular or lyrate-pinnatifid, margin entire to coarsely lobed. Capitula many in lax panicles, peduncles and pedicels tomentose, persistently tomentose at least until flowering,discoid, heterogamous, marginal florets female, disc florets functionally male; involucres cupshaped,1- or 2-seriate, herbaceous, phyllaries 5–8, equal or subequal, free or sometimes united at the base, reflexed when fruited. Marginal florets 1-seriate, corolla actinomorphic (radiate) or slightly zygomorphic (bilabiate), 4- or 5-lobed, white or yellowish-white, staminodes 4 or 5; style bifid,branches tongue-shaped to nearly rectangular, sweeping hairs weakly developed; ovary oval to obovoid,usually compressed, obscurely ribbed, with glandular hairs. Central florets functionally male;corolla actinomorphic, 5-lobed; anther bases distinctly caudate; style undivided or slightly divided,abaxially papillate; ovary abortive, without glandular hairs. Achenes of female florets obovoid or clavate,with conspicuous stipitate glandular hairs; pappus absent.
Recent references: Bittmann, 1990a. Die Gattung Adenocaulon (Compositae): I. Morphologie. Candollea 45: 389–420; Bittmann, 1990b. Die Gattung Adenocaulon (Compositae): II. ?kologie, Verbreitung und Systematik. Candollea 45: 493–518; Katinas L, 2000. Implications of morphological phylogenetics for the placement of the genera Adenocaulon and Eriachaenium (Asteraceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 223: 229–250; Katinas et al., 2008. The subfamily Mutisioideae (Asteraceae). Bot. Rev. 74: 469–716; Funk et al., 2016. Home at last: the enigmatic genera Eriachaenium and Adenocaulon (Compositae, Mutisioideae, Mutisieae, Adenocaulinae). PhytoKeys 60: 1–19; Funk & Hind, 2016. Typification of species names in Adenocaulon and Eriachaenium (Compositae/Asteraceae, Subfamily Mutisioideae, Tribe Mutisieae, Subtribe Adenocaulinae). PhytoKeys 69: 121–128.
Notes: The tribal position of Adenocaulon has been disputed for a long time. It was previously placed in each of the following tribes: Adenocauleae, Anthemideae, Cardueae, Eupatorieae, Heliantheae,Inuleae, Mutisieae, and Senecioneae. Recent morphological and molecular evidence supported it as a member of the tribe Mutisieae (s. str.) (Funk et al., 2016).
Five species: disjunctly distributed in America (South, Central, and North) and E Asia; two species (one endemic) in the Pan-Himalaya.
1a. Leaves not decurrent on stems; phyllaries 2–3.5 mm long; anther appendage rounded 1. A. himalaicum
1b. Leaves decurrent on stems; phyllaries 4–6 mm long; anther appendage mucronate 2. A. nepalense
1. Adenocaulon himalaicum Edgew., Trans.Linn. Soc. London 20 (1): 64. 1846; Anonymous, Iconogr. Cormophyt. Sin. 4: 486. f.6386. 1975; Chowdhery in Hajra et al., Fl.India 12: 361. 1995; Grierson & Springate in Springate, Fl. Bhutan 2(3): 1422. 2001; Chen & Hind in Wu, Raven & Hong, Fl. China 20–21: 10. 2011. Type: India, “Habitat Himala, in sylvis, alt. ped. 7000–9000, intra Nagkundaet Kotgurh, Padma Khal in Gharhwal Occidentalis.”,1844, M. P. Edgeworth 15 [holotype: K (K000250901)].
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