太阳能光伏组件典型环境检测技术探析

太阳能资源丰富，非常有利于太阳能光伏发电的开发利用。我国幅员辽阔，气候环境复杂，使用太阳能的环境严酷，例如西北的风沙、暴雪、冰雹、紫外光，东南湿热环境下的 PID 效应，组件遮挡的热斑效应，沿海高盐的气候，农林里高浓度氨气等腐蚀性气体都会对安装后的太阳能光伏组件造成损害，降低使用性能和年限。光伏组件由生产工厂运输到光伏电站安装使用，长途运输又显著增加了光伏组件受损的概率。太阳光的入射角度和双面电池背面入射光的吸收也会影响光伏组件的发电量。本书主要介绍光伏组件典型环境检测技术，包括光伏组件箱模拟运输检测、砂尘检测、不均匀雪载检测、光伏组件热斑耐久性试验、旁路二极管功能检测及在不同角度的入射光情况下光伏组件光电性能检测和双面光伏组件光电性能的检测技术和检测方法。很多检测技术是作者多年的研究成果，属于业内首次开发并获得国家检测资质。本书内容如下。
第 1 章 太阳能电池和光伏组件的结构及工作原理。
第 2 章 光伏组件高风速砂尘检测技术。
第 3 章 光伏组件不均匀雪载检测技术。
第 4 章 光伏组件热斑耐久性试验和旁路二极管功能检测技术。
第 5 章 光伏组件箱模拟运输检测技术。
第 6 章 太阳光入射角对光伏组件光电特性的影响。
第 7 章 双面光伏组件光电特性检测技术。
本书以检测技术为主线，结合新颁布的检测标准和详实的数据分析，对光伏组件技术研发、质量检测和教学研究的相关专业人员具有很好的借鉴作用。本书来源于*线的检测技术研究，具有先进性和实践性强的特点。
本书编者施成营、叶行方、吴亚盼、刘丁璞和李沛泽来自中国信息通信研究院，施成营负责统编全书。其中，叶行方参与了 3.3 节的编写，李沛泽、吴亚盼分别参与了 4.3 节和 4.4 节的编写。中国科学院电工研究所王光红博士参与了 7.3节的编写和全书的数据核对工作。刘丁璞参与了第 7 章的技术讨论和修改工作。南昌大学学生杨文、殷明、吴先民、林芳祁在中国信息通信研究院实习期间，在施成营的指导下参与了本书部分章节的实验和数据整理工作。

本书主要介绍光伏组件典型环境检测技术，内容概括了近六年来通过技术攻关和平台建设，在国内首次建立的经认证认可委CNAS认可第三方检测技术，主要包括光伏组件箱模拟运输实验、太阳能组件不均匀雪载检测技术、光伏组件高风速砂尘检测、太阳能电池片和组件不同角度入射光性能检测、双面光伏组件I-V特性检测。以上检测技术获得国内认证单位、企业用户的广泛认可，为中国光伏企业研发满足典型户外环境光伏产品提供了检测和评测平台，促进了中国光伏产品研发和技术进步。本书同时将相关的检测技术*国际标准进行了讲解，并结合检测结果进行了分析，具有很好的示范性。另外与以上检测技术密切相关其他常用检测技术，如光伏组件风载试验、组件热斑和二极管功能性检测技术的检测标准、检测技术和检测方法一起做了介绍。本书适合光伏组件研发、生产和检测的企事业单位从业人员使用。

2008年毕业于南开大学，2012年进入中国信息通信研究院，2013年10月获评高级工程师，现任能源与环境测评部主任。本人追求技术进步和业务能力提升，并取得以下成绩：（一）深入研究和开发检测技术和检测设备，主持完成中国信息通信研究院检测认证专项（一类，每项65万元经费）四项，均获得信通院前两名的好成绩；（二）自主研发的检测设备在高风速沙尘检测、光伏组件箱模拟运输检测、双面光伏组件双侧辐照性能测试、光伏组件多角度测试、太阳能组件不均匀雪载检测技术均填补国内空白。相关检测能力为国内首次获得认监委CNAS和CMA资质授权单位，并*获得TUV、UL美华、德国VDE、加拿大CSA和SGS通标等认证机构的认可和检测授权。（三）自2015年主持能源与环境测评部工作，部门检测业务收入均超额完成年度指标，检测入账收入由2015年的1500万元逐年增加到2019年的3200万元；新能源产品年检测收入由2014年二十万元逐年提升，2017年和2019年连续超过1000万元，经济和社会效益显著。（四）作为*作者或者通讯作者发表SCI文章六篇和EI一篇，另作为第二作者发表SCI文章四篇，分别获得2017年和2018年信通院优秀学术论文奖励（排*名）。（五）*发明人和第二发明人授权发表专利各一项。（六）为中科院光电研究院提研发近空间稳态光源模拟器，经中国计量院计量，满足中科院重大任务局重点项目《高空用薄膜太阳电池评检》技术参数要求，为空间通信电源技术研发做出贡献。

第 1 章 太阳能电池和光伏组件的结构及工作原理 ·················································1 
1.1 太阳能电池简介 ·····························································································1 
1.2 光伏组件结构 ·································································································3 
1.3 光伏组件的工作环境 ·····················································································5 
第 2 章 光伏组件高风速砂尘检测技术 ·····································································9 
2.1 中国自然环境和适用光伏组件的典型环境··················································9 
2.2 高风速砂尘试验方法和检测流程································································11 
2.2.1 试验设备·······························································································13 
2.2.2 试验步骤·······························································································15 
2.2.3 注意事项·······························································································16 
2.2.4 试验设计·······························································································16 
2.3 高风速砂尘对光伏组件性能影响的数据分析············································17 
2.3.1 外观检查·······························································································17 
2.3.2 吹砂试验前*功率检测·······································································17 
2.3.3 吹砂试验前电安全性检测（绝缘、湿漏电流和接地连续性检测）·············17 
2.3.4 吹砂试验前 EL 检测···············································································18 
2.3.5 吹砂试验·······························································································19 
2.3.6 吹砂试验后*功率检测·······································································19 
2.3.7 吹砂试验后电安全性检测（绝缘、湿漏电流和接地连续性检测）·············19 
2.3.8 吹砂试验后 EL 检测···············································································19 
2.4 总结 ···············································································································21 
参考文献 ················································································································21 
第 3 章 光伏组件不均匀雪载检测技术 ···································································24 
3.1 光伏组件不均匀雪载试验 ···········································································24 
3.2 不均匀雪载试验方法 ···················································································25 
3.2.1 试验流程·······························································································26 
3.2.2 不均匀雪载的压强分布和计算方法 ·························································28 
3.2.3 雪载设备 ································································································35 
3.3 数据分析 ·······································································································36 
3.3.1 PV2～PV6 压强变化规律········································································36 
3.3.2 PV2～PV6 位移量变化规律 ····································································38 
3.3.3 PV7 数据分析························································································40 
3.4 总结 ···············································································································40 
第 4 章 光伏组件热斑耐久性试验和旁路二极管功能检测技术 ···························42 
4.1 热斑的形成和光伏组件级联分类································································42 
4.2 光伏组件热斑耐久性试验检测设备····························································44 
4.3 晶体硅光伏组件热斑检测 ···········································································45 
4.3.1 晶体硅光伏组件热斑检测流程································································45 
4.3.2 晶体硅组件热斑耐久性试验结果分析······················································47 
4.3.3 小结······································································································54 
4.4 光伏组件旁路二极管功能试验方法····························································54 
4.4.1 旁路二极管功能试验遮挡检测原理 ·························································55 
4.4.2 不同光伏组件及内部电路结构示例 ·························································57 
4.4.3 不同内部电路结构的光伏组件遮挡位置分析··································