目录 Chapter 1 A First Look at Anatomy 1 1.1 History of Human Anatomy 1 1.2 Definition of Anatomy 3 1.3 Structural Organization of the Body 5 1.4 Precise Language of Anatomy 9 Chapter 2 Cartilage and Bone 17 2.1 Cartilage 17 2.2 Bone 19 2.3 Classification and Anatomy of Bones 20 2.4 Ossification 25 2.5 Maintaining Homeostasis and Promoting Bone Growth 31 2.6 Bone Markings 35 Chapter 3 Axial Skeleton 36 3.1 Skull 37 3.2 Sex Differences in the Skull 56 3.3 Aging of the Skull 57 3.4 Vertebral Column 58 3.5 Thoracic Cage 64 Chapter 4 Appendicular Skeleton 67 4.1 Pectoral Girdle 68 4.2 Upper Limb 70 4.3 Pelvic Girdle 75 4.4 Lower Limb 79 Chapter 5 Articulations 86 5.1 Articulations (Joints) 86 5.2 Fibrous Joints 88 5.3 Cartilaginous Joints 89 5.4 Synovial Joints 90 5.5 Selected Articulations in Depth 97 Chapter 6 Muscle Tissue and Organization 111 6.1 Properties of Muscle Tissue 111 6.2 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 111 6.3 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Organization 114 6.4 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle 116 6.5 Levers and Joint Biomechanics 116 6.6 The Naming of Skeletal Muscles 118 Chapter 7 Axial Muscles 120 7.1 Muscles of the Head and Neck 120 7.2 Muscles of the Vertebral Column 133 7.3 Muscles of Respiration 135 7.4 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall 137 7.5 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor 139 Chapter 8 Appendicular Muscles 142 8.1 Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 142 8.2 Muscles That Move the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 156 Chapter 9 Surface Anatomy 169 9.1 A Regional Approach to Surface Anatomy 169 9.2 Head Region 169 9.3 Neck Region 171 9.4 Trunk Region 172 9.5 Shoulder and Upper Limb Region 174 9.6 Lower Limb Region 176 Chapter 10 Digestive System 179 10.1 General Structure and Functions of the Digestive System 179 10.2 Oral Cavity 180 10.3 Pharynx 184 10.4 General Arrangement of Abdominal GI Organs 186 10.5 Esophagus 189 10.6 The Swallowing Process 190 10.7 Stomach 191 10.8 Small Intestine 194 10.9 Large Intestine 196 10.10 Accessory Digestive Organs 198 Chapter 11 Respiratory System 202 11.1 General Organization and Functions of the Respiratory System 202 11.2 Upper Respiratory Tract 203 11.3 Lower Respiratory Tract 206 11.4 Lungs 212 11.5 Pulmonary Ventilation 215 11.6 Mechanics of Breathing 215 11.7 Innervation of the Respiratory System 217 Chapter 12 Urinary System 219 12.1 General Structure and Functions of the Urinary System 219 12.2 Kidneys 220 12.3 Urinary Tract 228 Chapter 13 Reproductive System 232 13.1 Comparison of the Female and Male Reproductive Systems 232 13.2 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 233 13.3 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 244 Chapter 14 Cardiovascular System 252 14.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 252 14.2 Anatomy of the Heart 254 14.3 Coronary Circulation 257 14.4 How the Heart Beats: Electrical Properties of Cardiac Tissue 258 14.5 Innervation of the Heart 261 14.6 Tying It All Together: The Cardiac Cycle 261 Chapter 15 Vessels and Circulation 265 15.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 265 15.2 Blood Pressure 271 15.3 Systemic Circulation 272 15.4 Pulmonary Circulation 284 15.5 Review of Heart, Systemic, and Pulmonary Circulation 284 Chapter 16 Lymphatic System 286 16.1 Functions of the Lymphatic System 286 16.2 Lymph and Lymph Vessels 287 16.3 Lymphatic Cells 289 16.4 Lymphatic Structures 293 Chapter 17 Senses: General and Spe 298 17.1 Introduction to Sensory Receptors 298 17.2 Tactile Receptors 302 17.3 Gustation 303 17.4 Olfaction 306 17.5 Vision 308 17.6 Equilibrium and Hearing 315 Chapter 18 Nervous Tissue 324 18.1 Organization of the Nervous System 324 18.2 Cytology of Nervous Tissue 326 18.3 Myelination of Axons 332 18.4 Axon Regeneration 334 18.5 Nerves 335 18.6 Synapses 336 18.7 Neural Integration and Neuronal Pools 338 Chapter 19 Brain and Cranial Nerves 339 19.1 Brain Development and Tissue Organization 339 19.2 Support and Protection of the Brain 342 19.3 Cerebrum 347 19.4 Diencephalon 353 19.5 Brainstem 356 19.6 Cerebellum 359 19.7 Limbic System 360 19.8 Cranial Nerves 361 Chapter 20 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 369 20.1 Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 369 20.2 Spinal Cord Meninges 371 20.3 Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 373 20.4 Spinal Nerves 374 20.5 Reflexes 388 Chapter 21 Pathways and Integrative Functions 392 21.1 General Characteristics of Nervous System Pathways 392 21.2 Sensory Pathways 393 21.3 Motor Pathways 396 21.4 Higher-Order Processing and Integrative Functions 401 Chapter 22 Autonomic Nervous System 407 22.1 Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 407 22.2 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous Systems 409 ……
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