目录 1 Introduction 2 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventions for Structural Heart Disease 2.1 Preparations Before Anesthesia 2.1.1 Pre-anesthetic Visit 2.1.2 Pre-anesthetic Fasting 2.1.3 Pre-anesthetic Medication 2.1.4 Anesthesia Monitoring and Anesthetic Drugs 2.2 Management of Anesthesia 2.2.1 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Therapy for Septal Defect and Patent Ductus Arteriosus 2.2.2 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Interventional Therapy for Valvular Heart Diseases 2.2.3 Anesthesia Management in Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion and Aortic Stent Implantation 2.2.4 Infection Control and Anticoagulation 2.2.5 Management of Acute Pain After Echocardiography-Guided Percutaneous Interventional Therapy 2.2.6 Challenges in Anesthesia 2.3 Prevention and Treatment of Complications Associated with Interventional Therapy 2.3.1 Arrhythmia 2.3.2 Valvular Regurgitation 2.3.3 Hypotension 2.3.4 Cardiac Insufficiency 2.3.5 Hypoxic Spells 2.3.6 Pharyngeal and Esophageal Injury 2.3.7 Thrombosis 3 Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventional Therapy for Structural Heart Disease 3.1 General Considerations 3.1.1 Overview 3.1.2 Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) 3.1.3 Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) 3.1.4 Value of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventional Therapy for Congenital Heart Disease 3.2 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventional Therapy for Atrial Septal Defect 3.2.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis of ASD 3.2.2 Echocardiography for Monitoring ASD Closure 3.2.3 Follow-Up Using Echocardiography After ASD Closure 3.3 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty for Pulmonary Stenosis 3.3.1 Pre-procedural Diagnosis of Pulmonary Stenosis 3.3.2 Key Points of Echocardiographic Evaluation Before Pulmonary Stenosis Valvuloplasty 3.3.3 Echocardiographic Guidance and Monitoring During Pulmonary Valvuloplasty 3.3.4 Echocardiographic Follow-Up After Pulmonary Valvuloplasty Procedure 3.4 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Interventions for Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) 3.4.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis of PDA 3.4.2 Echocardiographic Guidance During PDA Closure Procedure 3.4.3 Echocardiographic Follow-Up After PDA Closure 3.5 Use of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect 3.5.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis of VSD 3.5.2 Key Points on Echocardiographic Evaluation Before Interventional VSD Closure 3.5.3 Echocardiographic Monitoring During VSD Closure 3.5.4 Echocardiography for Follow-Up of Ventricular Septal Defect Occlusion and Complications 3.6 Use of Echocardiography in Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion 3.6.1 Pre-procedural Echocardiographic Diagnosis and Cases Screen 3.6.2 Echocardiography for Monitoring Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion
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