LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES9 PREFACE11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1 1.1What is Contrastive Linguistics?1 1.1.1The Name and Nature of Contrastive Linguistics2 1.1.1.1Linguistics2 1.1.1.2Contrastive Linguistics (Contrastive Analysis)4 1.1.2Micro-Contrastive Linguistics and Macro-Contrastive Linguistics10 1.2Why Contrastive Linguistics?11 1.2.1The Theoretical Need for Contrastive Linguistics12 1.2.2The Practical Need for Contrastive Linguistics13 1.3The History and Development of Contrastive Linguistics18 Questions for Discussion and Research26 CHAPTER 2 THE PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS28 2.1Basic Assumptions and Hypotheses Underlying Contrastive Analysis (CA)28 2.1.1The Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis: Transfer29 2.1.2The Strong and Weak Versions of Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis30 2.1.3The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis31 2.2Theoretical Contrastive Analysis and Applied Contrastive Analysis32 2.3Criteria for Comparison37 2.3.1The Surface Structure (SS)38 2.3.2The Deep Structure (DS)40 2.3.3Translation Equivalence44 2.4Procedures of Contrastive Analysis49 Questions for Discussion and Research50
CHAPTER 3 PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS52 3.1Phonetics and Phonology52 3.2Contrastive Phonetics54 3.2.1Articulatory Phonetics54 3.2.1.1Vocal organs (articulators) and the dynamics of voice production54 3.2.1.2The modulation of speech sounds58 3.2.2Acoustic Phonetics60 3.2.2.1Frequency60 3.2.2.2Amplitude of vibration61 3.2.2.3Timbre61 3.2.3Auditory Phonetics62 3.3Contrastive Phonology65 3.3.1Phonological Contrastive Analysis65 3.3.1.1The functional statuses of comparable speech sounds in different languages65 3.3.1.2Pronunciation problems caused by phonemic asymmetries and by allophonic differences66 3.3.1.3The functional loads of comparable phonological contrasts in different languages67 3.3.2Two Phonological Models68 3.3.2.1The taxonomic or structural phonology68 3.3.2.2Generative phonology69 3.4Suprasegmental Contrastive Analysis71 3.4.1The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch72 3.4.1.1Tone72 3.4.1.2Intonation73 3.4.2The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture75 Questions for Discussion and Research76 CHAPTER 4 LEXICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS78 4.1Contrastive Lexical Morphology79 4.1.1Lexical/Derivational Morphology and Inflectional Morphology79 4.1.2Morpheme80 4.1.2.1Free morpheme80 4.1.2.2Bound morpheme80 4.1.2.2.1 Affix80 4.1.2.2.2 Combining form81 4.1.2.3Stem (base morpheme) and root81 4.1.3A Comparison of the Makeup of English and Chinese Word Stock82 4.2Contrastive Lexical Semantics84 4.2.1The Motivation (Internal Form) of Words85 4.2.1.1Phonetic motivation86 4.2.1.2Graphemic motivation86 4.2.1.3Morphological motivation87 4.2.1.4Semantic motivation87 4.2.1.5A contrastive analysis of the morphological motivation of English, German, and Chinese words87 4.2.2Sense Relationships91 4.2.2.1Syntagmatic semantic relationship: Collocation92 4.2.2.2Paradigmatic semantic relationships94 4.2.2.2.1 Synonymy94 4.2.2.2.2 Antonymy95 4.2.2.2.3 Hyponymy96 4.2.2.2.4 Incompatibility98 4.2.2.3Lexical fields and lexical gaps98 4.2.3Semantic Features103 4.3Three Active Areas107 4.3.1Anthropology108 4.3.2Translation114 4.3.3Bilingual Lexicography118 Questions for Discussion and Research119 CHAPTER 5 GRAMMATICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS122 5.1The Concept of Grammar122 5.2The Contrastive Analysis of Inflectional Morphology124 5.2.1Grammatical Categories126 5.2.1.1Aspect126 5.2.1.2Case128 5.2.1.3Gender129 5.2.1.4Mood129 5.2.1.5Number129 5.2.1.6Person130 5.2.1.7Tense130 5.2.1.8Voice130
5.2.2A Contrastive Study of the Chinese and English Case Systems131 5.3Syntactic Contrastive Analysis135 5.3.1The Structural Approach (Surface-structure Contrasts)135 5.3.2The Weaknesses of the Structural Approach139 5.3.3The Generative Approaches140 5.3.3.1The Transformational Grammarian approach (For deep-structure contrasts)141 5.3.3.2The Case Grammarian approach (For deeper-structure contrasts)147 Questions for Discussion and Research154 CHAPTER 6 TEXTUAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS156 6.1Text and Discourse158 6.2The Defining Characteristics of the Text159 6.3The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Cohesion162 6.3.1Semantic Cohesion164 6.3.1.1Reference164 6.3.1.2Substitution167 6.3.1.3Ellipsis168 6.3.1.4Conjunction170 6.3.1.5Lexical relationships ("lexical cohesion")174 6.3.2Structural Cohesion175 6.3.2.1Parallelism175 6.3.2.2Comparison180 6.3.2.3Information structure180 6.3.2.3.1 Theme and Rheme181 6.3.2.3.2 Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP)182 6.3.2.3.3 Topic and Comment183 6.3.3Different Languages Preferring Different Cohesive Devices192 6.4The Contrastive Analysis of Textual Coherence192 Questions for Discussion and Research200 CHAPTER 7 PRAGMATIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS203 7.1Speech Act Theory203 7.1.1Speech Acts204 7.1.1.1Performatives and constatives204 7.1.1.2Three kinds of speech acts204 7.1.1.3Five basic types of illocutionary acts205 7.1.2Felicity Conditions206 7.2Conversational Interaction207 7.2.1The Structural Components of Conversation208 7.2.1.1Openings208 7.2.1.2The maintaining of a conversation210 7.2.1.3Closings215 7.2.2Principles of Conversational Organization217 7.2.2.1The Cooperative Principle (Be Clear)217 7.2.2.1.1 Conversational maxims217 7.2.2.1.2 Conversational implicature218 7.2.2.2The Rules of Politeness (Be Polite)221 7.2.2.2.1 Rule 1: Don't impose on your hearer221 7.2.2.2.2 Rule 2: Give the hearer options223 7.2.2.2.3 Rule 3: Make the hearer feel good: Be friendly223 Questions for Discussion and Research225 REFERENCES227 INDEX235
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