Introductio 4 Less Common Nonferrous Metals 4.1 AlkaliMetals 4.1.1 Lithiu 4.1.1.1Description and General Properties 4.1.1.2Histo 4.1.1.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.1.1.4 Processing and Industrial Preparatio 4.1.1.5Industrial Applications and Uses 4.1.1.6Lithium Mineral and Chemical Prices 4.1.1.7 Lithium Mineral, Carbonate, and Metal Producers 4.1.1.8FurtherReading 4.1.2 Sodium 4.1.2.1 Description and General Properties 4.1.2.2Histo 4.1.2.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.1.2.4 Processing and Industrial Preparatio 4.1.2.5IndustriaIApplications and Uses 4.1.2.6Transport, Storage, and Safety 4.1.2.7 Major Producers of Sodium Met 4.1.2.8Further Reading 4.1 .3 Potassiu 4.1.3.1Description and General Properties 4.1.3.2Histo 4.1.3.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.1.3.4Processing and Industrial Preparatio 4.1.3.5Industrial Applications and Uses 4.1.3.6 Further Reading 4.1.4Rubidium 4.1.4.1 Description and General Properties 4.1.4.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.1.4.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.1.4.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.1.5.1Description and General Properties 4.1.5.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.1.5.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.1.5.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.1.5.6Cesium Metal Producers 4.2.1.1 Description and General Properties 4.2.1.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.2.1.5Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.2.1.6 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.2.1.7Major Beryllium Metal Producers 4.2.2Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys 4.2.2.1 Description and General Properties 4.2.2.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.2.2.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.2.2.6 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.2.2.7 Recycling of Magnesium Scrap and Drosses 4.2.2.8 Major Magnesium Metal Producers 4.2.3.1Description and General Properties 4.2.3.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.2.3.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.2.3.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.2.3.6 Calcium Metal Producers 4.2.4.1 Description and General Properties 4.2.4.2 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.2.4.3 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.2.4.4 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.2.5.1 Description and General Properties 4.2.5.2Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.2.5.3 Processing and Industrial Preparatio 4.2.5.4Industrial Applications and Uses 4.2.6.1 Description and General Properties 4.2.6.2 History 4.2.6.3 Natural Occurrence 4.2.6.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.2.6.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.1.1 Common Properties 4.3.1.2Corrosion Resistance 4.3.1.3Cleaning, Descaling, Pickling, and Etching 4.3.1.4Machining of Pure Reactive and Refractory Metals 4.3.1.5Pyrophoricity of Refractory Metals 4.3.2.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.2.2History 4.3.2.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.2.4Mining and Mineral Dressing 4.3.2.5Titanium Slag and Slagging 4.3.2.7 Titanium Dioxide (Titania) 4.3.2.10 Titanium Metal lngot 4.3.2.11Titanium Metal Powder 4.3.2.12 Commercially Pure Titanium 4.3.2.14CorrosionResistance 4.3.2.15 Titanium Metalworking 4.3.2.16Titanium Machining 4.3.2.18 Titanium Etching, Descaling, and Pickling 4.3.2.19 Titanium Anodizing 4.3.2.20 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.2.21Major Producers of Titanium Metal Sponge and Ingot 4.3.2.22 World and International Titanium Conferences 4.3.3 Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys 4.3.3.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.3.2History 4.3.3.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.3.4 Mining and Mineral Dressing 4.3.3.5 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.3.7 Corrosion Resistance 4.3.3.8Zirconium Machining 4.3.3.9 Industrial Uses and Applications 4.3.3.10 Zirconium Metal Producers 4.3.4.1Description and General Propertie 4.3.4.2History 4.3.4.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.4.4Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.4.5Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.4.6Major Hafnium Metal Producers 4.3.5.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.5.2History 4.3.5.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.5.4Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.5.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.5.6 Major Vanadium Producers 4.3.6.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.6.2History 4.3.6.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.6.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.6.5Properties of Niobium Alloys 4.3.6.6 Niobium Metalworking 4.3.6.7NiobiumMachining 4.3.6.8Niobium Joining and Welding 4.3.6.9Niobium Cleaning, Pickling, and Etching 4.3.6.10 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.6.11Major Producers ofNiobium Metal 4.3.7 Tantalum and Tantalum Alloys 4.3.7.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.7.2History 4.3.7.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.7.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.7.5Properties of Tantalum Alloys 4.3.7.6TantalumMetalworking 4.3.7.7 Tantalum Machining 4.3.7.9 Tantalum Cleaning and Degreasing 4.3.7.10 Tantalum Cladding and Coating Techniques 4.3.7.11Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.7.12 Major Tantalum Metal Producers 4.3.8Chromium and Chromium Alloys 4.3.8.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.8.2History 4.3.8.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.8.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.8.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.8.6 Major Chromite and Ferrochrome Producers 4.3.9 Molybdenum and Molybdenum A 4.3.9.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.9.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.9.4Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.9.5Properties of Molybdenum Alloys 4.3.9.7Molybdenum Joining 4.3.9.8Molybdenum Machining 4.3.9.9Molybdenum Cleaning, Etching, and Pickling 4.3.9.10 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.9.11 World Molybdenum Metal Producers 4.3.10Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys 4.3.10.1 Description and General Properties 4.3.10.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.10.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.10.6 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.3.10.7 Major Tungsten Metal and Hardmetal Producers 4.3.11Rhenium and Rhenium Alloys 4.3.11.1Description and General Properties 4.3.11.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.3.11.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.3.11.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.4 Noble and Precious Metals 4.4.1.1Description and General Properties 4.4.1.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.4.1.4Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.4.1.6 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.4.2.1 Description and General Properties 4.4.2.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.4.2.5Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.4.2.7 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.4.2.8 Major Gold Producers and Suppliers 4.5.2 Natural Occurrence, Chief Minerals, and Ores 4.5.3 Common Physical and Chemical Properties 4.5.4 The Six Platinum Group Metals 4.5.4.3 Palladium 4.5.4.4Osmium 4.5.4.5 Iridium 4.5.4.6 Platinum 4.5.6.1 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.5.6.2Major Producers and Suppliers of PGMs 4.6.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.6.6Major Producers and Suppliers of Rare Earths 4.6.8.1Description and General Properties 4.6.8.2History 4.6.8.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.6.8.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.6.8.5Industrial Applications and Uses 4.6.8.6Scandium Metal, Alloys, and Chemicals 4.7 Uranides 4.7.1.1 Description and General Properties 4.7.1.2History 4.7.1.3Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.7.1.4Mineral Dressing and Mining 4.7.1.5Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.7.1.6 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.7.2.1Description and General Properties 4.7.2.2History 4.7.2.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.7.2.4 Processing and Industrial Preparation 4.7.2.5 Industrial Applications and Uses 4.7.3.1 Description and General Properties 4.7.3.2History 4.7.3.3 Natural Occurrence, Minerals, and Ores 4.7.3.4Processing and Industrial Preparation
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