思考的艺术（第11版）·英文版
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作者[美] 文森特·赖安·拉吉罗（Vincent Ryan Ruggiero）
出版社清华大学出版社
ISBN9787302533047
出版时间2020-08
装帧平装
开本32开
纸张胶版纸
定价99元
货号28988342
上书时间2024-07-16
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【编辑推荐】:
一本讨论思考的书应该强调“要做什么”，而不是“要避免做什么”。思考是积、动态的，而不是消、静态的。有效的思考者不会坐在那里批评别人的努力，他们会解决问题，做出决策，表明立场。
一本讨论思考的书应该让读者掌握思考的原则和技巧。让读者知道已经形成的问题和争议是不够的，还必须让他们学会构造自己的问题和争议。
一本讨论思考的书应该教会读者怎样评价自己的想法以及别人的想法。人类非常善于自欺，因此对于读者来说，看到自身的盲点、偏见和错误，要比给别人挑毛病困难得多。然而对他们的有效思考而言，*大的障碍恰恰是他们自身的弱点和错误。
一本讨论思考的书应该教会读者怎样说服别人。有很多巧妙的想法从未付诸实践，就因为原创者以为别人自然会认识到其想法的绝妙之处。读者需要学习怎样预测和克服自己的想法可能遭到的反对。
【内容简介】:
现在，几乎每个教育协会都在呼吁要更加重视批判性思维。教育家、政治家、社会学家以及各个领域的学者都明白，言语和影像的诉求在不断地轰炸我们，试图说服我们去相信、去行动、去购买或者去参与。我们都需要批判性思维的技能和策略，这样才能理解和分析那些诉求。 本书既可以给正式的批判性思维课程作为教材，也可以给各个强调批判性思维的学科作为教学补充材料。本书已被成功地用于作文、公开演讲、创造性和批判性思维等课程，以及商科、人文学科、社会科学和自然科学等众多学科。
【作者简介】:
文森特•赖安•拉吉罗
美国纽约州立大学德里分校荣休教授，国际公认的“使思维成为教育重点”运动的先驱，在创造性、批判性思维方面具有深厚的实践和教学经验。拉吉罗教授著有20多本书，多次登上电视荧屏，发表过大量文章和演讲，*代表性的畅销之作《思考的艺术》被誉为批判性思维领域的“圣经”，这是将创造性、批判性思考作为解决问题和争议*策略的*早读本之一。多年来，他创新性的思考技能训练法帮助人们建立起了思考的标准。
【目录】:
PART I Be Aware
CHAPTER 1 Developing Your Thinking: An Overview 3
What Is Thinking? 4
The Importance of Thinking 6
Brain and Mind at Work 8
The Production Phase 9
The Judgment Phase 10
Good Thinking Is a Habit 10
The Structure of This Book 11
Getting the Most from Your Efforts 12
Using Feelings to Advantage 14
Learning to Concentrate 15
Coping with Frustration 16
Making Discussion Meaningful 16
Whenever Possible, Prepare in Advance 17
Set Reasonable Expectations 17
Leave Egotism and Personal Agendas at the Door 18
Contribute but Don’t Dominate 18
Avoid Distracting Speech Mannerisms 18
Listen Actively 19
Contents
Thinking is an art, with its own purposes, standards, principles, rules,
strategies, and precautions. And it is an art well worth learning, for
every important thing we do is affected by our habits of mind.
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XIV The Art of Thinking
Judge Ideas Responsibly 19
Resist the Urge to Shout or Interrupt 20
Preliminary Thinking Strategies 20
Sample Exercises and Responses 23
Warm-Up Exercises 25
Applications 26
CHAPTER 2 Establish a Foundation 31
Free Will Versus Determinism 32
What Is Truth? 33
What Is Knowing? 36
Ways of Knowing 37
Experience 38
Observation 39
Report 39
The Problem of Remembering 41
What Are Opinions? 43
Expressions of Taste 43
Expressions of Judgment 43
Understanding Cause and Effect 44
Debating Moral Questions 51
The Basis of Moral Judgment 53
Dealing with Dilemmas 57
A Special Thinking Strategy 58
Warm-Up Exercises 60
Applications 60
CHAPTER 3 Broaden Your Perspective 66
Becoming an Individual 69
Habits that Hinder Thinking 72
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Contents XV
The Mine-Is-Better Habit 72
Face Saving 73
Resistance to Change 75
Conformity 77
Stereotyping 79
Self-Deception 80
Overcoming Bad Habits 82
Warm-Up Exercises 84
Applications 84
CHAPTER 4 Be a Critical Reader, Listener, and Viewer 88
Critical Evaluation Defined 89
Making Important Distinctions 91
The Distinction between the Person and the Idea 91
The Distinction between Matters of Taste and Matters of Judgment 92
The Distinction between Fact and Interpretation 92
The Distinction between Literal and Ironic Statements 94
The Distinction between an Idea’s Validity and the Quality of Its Expression 94
The Distinction between Language and Reality 95
A Strategy for Critical Reading 97
Step 1: Skim the Work 97
Step 2: Reflect on Your Views 98
Step 3: Read the Work 98
Step 4: Evaluate What You Read 99
Step 5: Express Your Judgment 102
A Sample Evaluation and Judgment 103
A Strategy for Critical Listening 106
Step 1: Set Aside Preconceptions 107
Step 2: Focus on the Message 107
Step 3: Identify Key Assertions and Supporting Information 108
Steps 4 and 5: Evaluate the Message and Express Your Judgment 108
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XVI The Art of Thinking
A Strategy for Critical Viewing 108
How Critical Analysis Relates to Writing 111
Warm-Up Exercises 111
Applications 112
PART II Be Creative
CHAPTER 5 The Creative Process 125
Key Facts about Creativity 126
“Doing Your Own Thing” Is Not Necessarily a Mark of Creativity 127
Creativity Does Not Require Special Intellectual Talent or a High IQ 127
The Use of Drugs Hinders Creativity 127
Creativity Is an Expression of Mental Health 128
Characteristics of Creative People 129
Creative People Are Dynamic 129
Creative People Are Daring 130
Creative People Are Resourceful 130
Creative People Are Hardworking 131
Creative People Are Independent 131
Applying Creativity to Problems and Issues 132
Taking a Novel Approach 133
Devising or Modifying a Process or System 134
Inventing a New Product or Service 134
Finding New Uses for Existing Things 135
Improving Things 136
Inventing or Redefining a Concept 136
Stages in the Creative Process 137
The First Stage: Searching for Challenges 138
The Second Stage: Expressing the Problem or Issue 138
The Third Stage: Investigating the Problem or Issue 139
The Fourth Stage: Producing Ideas 139
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Contents XVII
Warm-Up Exercises 140
Applications 141
CHAPTER 6 Search for Challenges 144
The Importance of Curiosity 145
How Curiosity Is Lost 146
Regaining Your Curiosity 147
Six Helpful Techniques 148
Be Observant 149
Look for the Imperfections in Things 151
Note Your Own and Others’ Dissatisfactions 152
Search for Causes 152
Be Sensitive to Implications 153
Recognize the Opportunity in Controversy 155
Warm-Up Exercises 156
Applications 156
CHAPTER 7 Express the Problem or Issue 161
Distinguishing Problems from Issues 162
Expressing Problems 163
Expressing Issues 164
When Problems Become Issues 165
Guidelines for Expressing Problems and Issues 166
Benefits of Careful Expression 167
It Helps You Move Beyond the Familiar and Habitual 167
It Keeps Your Thinking Flexible 167
It Opens Many Lines of Thought 168
A Sample Problem 170
A Sample Issue 171
Warm-Up Exercises 173
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XVIII The Art of Thinking
Applications 173
CHAPTER 8 Investigate the Problem or Issue 176
What to Look for 178
Eyewitness Testimony 178
Unpublished Report 179
Published Report 179
Expert Opinion 180
Experiment 180
Statistics 181
Survey 182
Observational Study 182
Research Review 183
Your Personal Experience 183
The Experiences of People You Know 185
Using the Library 186
Using the Internet 188
Maintaining a Questioning Perspective 191
Managing an Interview 192
Avoiding Plagiarism 194
Conducting Your Own Research 200
Consider Doing a Survey 200
Consider Doing an Observational Study 200
Keeping Creativity Alive 200
Warm-Up Exercises 201
Applications 202
CHAPTER 9 Produce Ideas 207
Stimulating Your Imagination 209
Force Uncommon Responses 209
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Contents XIX
Use Free Association 210
Use Analogy 210
Look for Unusual Combinations 211
Visualize the Solution 212
Construct Pro and Con Arguments 212
Construct Relevant Scenarios 213
Aiming for Originality 215
Withholding Judgment 215
Overcoming Obstacles 216
Thinker’s Block 217
Vagueness and Confusion 218
Inflexibility 218
How Insight Occurs 219
A Sample Problem 220
A Sample Issue 223
Warm-Up Exercises 226
Applications 226
PART III Be Critical
CHAPTER 10 The Role of Criticism 231
Why Criticism Is Necessary 232
Focus on Your Ideas 233
Overcoming Obstacles to Critical Thinking 233
Applying Curiosity 234
Avoiding Assumptions 235
Refining Your Solutions to Problems 236
A Sample Problem 237
Refining Your Positions on Issues 239
A Sample Issue 240
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XX The Art of Thinking
Taking Action on the Issue 241
Warm-Up Exercises 242
Applications 243
CHAPTER 11 Refine Your Solution to the Problem 246
Three Steps in Refining 247
Step 1: Working Out the Details 247
Step 2: Finding Imperfections and Complications 249
Step 3: Making Improvements 251
Two Sample Problems 252
The First Problem 252
The Second Problem 255
Warm-Up Exercises 257
Applications 258
CHAPTER 12 Evaluate Your Argument on the Issue 261
Errors Affecting Truth 262
Either/or Thinking 262
Avoiding the Issue 263
Overgeneralizing 263
Oversimplifying 265
Double Standard 265
Shifting the Burden of Proof 266
Irrational Appeal 266
Errors Affecting Validity 267
A Special Problem: The Hidden Premise 270
Recognizing Complex Arguments 272
Steps in Evaluating an Argument 273
The Case of Parents Protes
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