chapter i introduction 1.1 what is lecology? 1.2 english lecology and its relation to other disciplines 1.3 methods of study 1.4 aims and significance of the course exercises chapter 2 basic concepts of words and vocabulary 2.1 definition of a word 2.2 sound and meaning 2.3 sound and form 2.4 vocabulary 2.5 classification of words exercises chapter 3 the developing english vocabulary 3.1 the indo-european language family 3.2 a historical overview of the english vocabulary 3.3 growth of present-day english vocabulary 3.4 modes of vocabulary development exercise chapter 4 morphological structure and word-formation 4.1 the concept of morpheme and the types of morphemes 4.2 the three major processes of word-formation 4.3 the minor processes of word-formation exercises chapter 5 ward meaning, polysemy and homonymy 5.1 motivation 5.2 main types of word meaning 5.3 ponential analysis and semantic features 5.4 polysemy 5.5 homonymy exercises chapter 6 sense relations between words 6.1 synonymy 6.2 antonymy 6.3 hyponymy 6.4 semantic field exercises chapter 7 changes in word meaning 7.1 causes of changes in word meaning 7.2 four tendencies in semantic change 7.3 semantic changes resulting from the figurative use of words exercises chapter 8 meaning and context 8.1 types of contexts 8.2 the role of context in deci word meaning 8.3 how to guess word meaning from context exercises chapter 9 english idioms 9.1 definition of idioms 9.2 sources of english idioms 9.3 classification of english idioms 9.4 syntactic, structural and stylistic features 9.5 beware of translation tra exercises chapter 10 american english 10.1 growth of american english 10.2 characteristics of american english 10.3 differences between british and american english 10.4 conclusion exercises appendix english-chinese lecology terms bibliography
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