目 录 Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 E-finance Technologies in Payment Services1 1.2 History of E-finance in US2 1.3 Two Questions3 1.4 Debit Cards4 1.5 The E-finance Impact on Financial Markets7 1.5.1 Stock Markets7 1.5.2 Foreign Exchange Markets9 1.5.3 Bond Markets10 1.5.4 Concluding Remarks10 2 Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System11 2.1 What Is a Bitcoin ?11 2.1.1 Introduction11 2.1.2 Creation of Coins12 2.1.3 Sending Payments12 2.1.4 Preventing Double-Spending14 2.2 Anonymity15 2.3 Where to See and Explore?15 2.4 How Many People Use Bitcoin?16 2.5 Why Does My Bitcoin Address Keep Changing?17 2.6 Network18 2.6.1 The Steps to Run the Network18 2.6.2 What Is Mining?18 2.6.3 Simplified Payment Verification20 2.6.4 Combining and Splitting Value20 2.7 Security20 2.7.1 Privacy20 2.7.2 There Are Two Questions21 2.7.3 Criminal Activities22 2.7.4 Theft23 2.8 Taxation and Regulation24 2.9 Conclusion25 3 Capital Markets and Financial Services26 3.1 What Is Investment Capital?26 3.2 Characteristics of Capital26 3.2.1 Sources of Capital27 3.2.2 Users of Capital29 3.3 The Role of Financial Instruments30 3.3.1 Debt30 3.3.2 Equity30 3.3.3 Investment Funds31 3.3.4 Derivatives31 3.4 The Role of Financial Markets31 3.4.1 Stock Exchanges around the World32 3.4.2 Exchange Memberships33 3.5 Governing Bodies and Administration33 3.5.1 Boards of Directors33 3.5.2 Statutory Responsibilities34 3.5.3 Future Trends34 3.6 Dealer Markets the Unlisted Market35 3.6.1 The Unlisted Equity Market35 3.6.2 The Fixed-Income Marketplace36 3.7 The Role of Financial Intermediaries36 3.7.1 Size and Characteristics of the Securities Industry Today37 3.7.2 Financing Securities Houses41 3.7.3 Principal and Agency Functions42 3.7.4 Dealer, Principal and Agency Transactions43 4 Financing, Listing and Regulations45 4.1 Financing45 4.1.1 Government Financing46 4.1.2 Corporate Finance48 4.2 Corporations Financing Process48 4.2.1 The Dealer’s Advisory Relationshipwith Corporations49 4.2.2 The Method of Offering49 4.3 Advice on the Security to Be Issued51 4.4 The Prospectus52 4.4.1 The Short Form Prospectus System55 4.4.2 Internet Prospectus55 4.5 Other Documents and Sale of the Issue56 4.6 The Financing Process57 4.6.1 After-market Stabilization59 4.6.2 Other Methods of Distribution60 4.6.3 Junior Company Distributions60 4.7 Options of Treasury Shares61 4.7.1 The Listing Process61 4.7.2 Advantages of Listing61 4.7.3 Disadvantages of Listing62 4.7.4 Disadvantages of Listing62 4.7.5 The Listing Application62 4.7.6 Regulations for Listed Companies63 4.7.7 Withdrawing Trading Privileges63 4.8 Temporary Interruption of Trading63 4.8.1 Delayed Opening63 4.8.2 Halt in Trading64 4.8.3 Suspension of Trading64 4.9 Cancelling a Listing (Delisting)64 4.10 Regulation and Investor Protection64 4.10.1 Underlying Principles of Provincial Securities Legislation64 4.10.2 Registration65 4.10.3 The National Registration Database (NRD)66 4.11 Designated Non-trading Employees66 4.12 Securities Firms66 4.13 Know Your Client Rule67 4.14 Breach of Fiduciary Duty67 4.15 Public Company Disclosure and Investor Rights70 4.16 The Purchasers’ Statutory Rights71 4.17 Continuous Disclosure72 4.18 Takeover Bids73 4.19 Early Warning Disclosure75 4.20 Insider Trading75 4.21 Investigation and Prosecution76 5 Corporations and their Financial Statements77 5.1 Types of Business Structures77 5.2 Incorporated Businesses78 5.2.1 Government Approval78 5.2.2 Choice of Jurisdiction78 5.2.3 Public and Private Corporations79 5.2.4 The By-laws79 5.2.5 Voting and Control79 5.2.6 Shareholders’ Meetings80 5.2.7 Voting Trusts80 5.2.8 Directors81 5.2.9 Officers82 5.2.10 Financing the Corporation82 5.2.11 Advantages of Incorporation85 5.2.12 Disadvantages of Incorporation86 5.3 Understanding the Balance Sheet86 5.3.1 General Form of the Balance Sheet87 5.3.2 Classification of Assets88 5.3.3 Classification of Liabilities94 5.3.4 Shareholders’ Equity97 5.4 Understanding the Earnings Statement98 5.4.1 What It Shows98 5.4.2 Structure of the Earnings Statement99 5.4.3 The Operating Section (items 28 to 34)100 5.4.4 Non-Operating Section (item 35)102 5.4.5 The Creditors’ Section (items 37and 38)102 5.4.6 The Owners’ Section (items 40 to 45)102 5.5 Understanding the Retained Earnings Statement104 5.6 Understanding the Cash Flow Statement105 5.6.1 Introduction105 5.6.2 Operating Activities106 5.6.3 Financing Activities (items 51 to 54)107 5.6.4 Investing Activities (items 55 to 57)107 5.6.5 Change in Cash Flow (items 58 to 60)107 5.6.6 Supplemental information (items 61 to 62)108 5.7 Other Information in the Annual Report108 5.7.1 Footnotes to the Financial Statements108 5.7.2 The Auditor’s Report109 5.8 Specimen Financial Statements110 6 Fixed-income Securities115 6.1 Definitions115 6.1.1 Fixed-income Securities115 6.1.2 Bonds and Debentures115 6.1.3 Interest115 6.1.4 Face Value and Denomination116 6.1.5 Price and Yield116 6.1.6 Term to Maturity117 6.1.7 Liquid Bonds, Negotiable Bonds, and Marketable Bonds117 6.2 The Rationale for Issuing Fixed-Income Securities117 6.2.1 Financing Operations or Growth118 6.2.2 Financial Leverage118 6.3 Size of the Fixed-income Market118 6.4 Features and Provisions of Bonds119 6.4.1 Call or Redemption Feature119 6.4.2 Sinking Funds and Purchase Funds120 6.4.3 Extendible and Retractable Bonds121 6.4.4 Convertible Bonds and Debentures121 6.4.5 Protective Provisions124 6.5 Types of Fixed-income Securities127 6.5.1 Government of Canada Securities127 6.5.2 Provincial Government Securities and Guarantees130 6.5.3 Municipal Debentures/Installment Debentures132 6.5.4 Corporate Bonds133 6.5.5 Other Types of Fixed Income Securities136 6.5.6 Reading Bond Quotes138 6.5.7 The Bond Rating Services139 6.6 Bond Pricing Principles140 6.6.1 The Use of Present Value140 6.6.2 Calculations for Fixed-Income Securities143 6.6.3 Theories of Interest Rate Determination145 6.6.4 Fixed-Income Pricing Properties148 6.6.5 The Yield Curve and Bond Switching153 6.7 Delivery, Settlement and Regulation156 6.7.1 Bond Delivery156 6.7.2 Clearing and Settlement156 6.7.3 Regulation of Bond Trading157 6.7.4 Accrued Interest158 6.8 Bond Indexes160 6.8.1 Uses of Bond Indexes160 6.8.2 Scotia Capital Canadian Bond Market Indexes160 6.8.3 Merrill Lynch Global Indexes161 6.8.4 Other Index Providers161 7 Equities162 7.1 Common Shares162 7.2 Rights and Advantages of Common Share Ownership162 7.2.1 Capital Appreciation163 7.2.2 Dividends163 7.2.3 Voting Privileges167 7.2.4 Tax Treatment168 7.2.5 Marketability170 7.2.6 Stock Splits and Consolidations170 7.2.7 Reading Stock Quotations172 7.3 Preferred Shares173 7.3.1 The Preferred’s Position173 7.3.2 Preference as to Assets173 7.3.3 Preference as to Dividends174 7.3.4 Features of Preferred Shares174 7.3.5 Special Protective Provisions177 7.3.6 Why Do Companies Issue Preferred Shares?178 7.3.7 Who Buys Preferred Shares?178 7.4 Types of Preferreds179 7.4.1 Fixed Rate (or Straight) Preferreds179 7.4.2 Convertible Preferreds179 7.4.3 Retractable Preferreds182 7.4.4 Floating Rate Preferreds183 7.4.5 Foreign-pay Preferreds184 7.4.6 Canadian Originated Preferred Securities (COPrS)184 7.4.7 Other Types of Preferreds185 7.5 Cash and Margin Accounts186 7.5.1 Cash Accounts186 7.5.2 Margin Accounts188 7.6 Short Selling of Equities190 7.6.1 What Is Short Selling?190 7.6.2 How is Short Selling Done?190 7.7 Equity Transactions194 7.7.1 An Agency Transaction�Trading Procedures194 7.7.2 Settlement Procedures195 7.7.3 Other Transaction Models196 7.8 Buy and Sell Orders197 7.8.1 Market Order197 7.8.2 Limit Order197 7.8.3 Day Order197 7.8.4 Good Till Cancelled (GTC) Order197 7.8.5 All or None Order (AON Order)197 7.8.6 Any Part Order198 7.8.7 Good Through Order198 7.8.8 Stop Loss and Stop Buy Orders198 7.8.9 The Preferential Trading Rule and the Pro or N-C Order199 7.9 Stock Indexes and Averages199 7.9.1 What Is a Stock Index?199 7.9.2 What Is an Average?200 7.9.3 Canadian Market Indexes200 7.9.4 U.S. Stock Market Indexes204 7.9.5 International Stock Market Indexes and Averages207 8 Derivatives209 8.1 What Is a Derivative?209 8.1.1 Features Common to All Derivatives209 8.1.2 Derivative Markets210 8.1.3 Key Differences Between Exchange-traded and OTC Derivatives211 8.2 Types of Underlying Assets213 8.2.1 Commodities213 8.2.2 Financials214 8.3 Who Uses Derivatives and Why Do They Use Them?215 8.3.1 Individual Investors215 8.3.2 Institutional Investors216 8.3.3 Corporations and Businesses217 8.3.4 Derivative Dealers218 8.4 Options219 8.4.1 Key Terms and Definitions219 8.4.2 Option Exchanges223 8.4.3 Reading an Options Quotation223 8.4.4 Basic Option Strategies for Individual and Institutional Investors224 8.4.5 Basic Option Strategies for Corporations232 8.5 Forwards233 8.5.1 Futures: Key Terms and Definitions233 8.5.2 Futures Exchanges235 8.5.3 Reading a Futures Quotation235 8.5.4 Basic Futures Strategies for Investors236 8.5.5 Basic Futures Strategies for Corporations238 8.6 Rights and Warrants240 8.6.1 Rights240 8.6.2 Warrants244 9 Hedge Funds246 9.1 Overview of Hedge Funds246 9.1.1 What Is a Hedge Fund?246 9.1.2 Comparing Hedge Funds to Mutual Funds246 9.1.3 Who Can Invest in Hedge Funds?246 9.1.4 History of Hedge Funds248 9.1.5 Size of the Hedge Fund Market249 9.2 Portfolio Theory and Hedge Funds249 9.2.1 Portfolio Theory250 9.2.2 Measuring Portfolio Performance252 9.3 Benefits and Risks of Hedge Funds254 9.3.1 Benefits of Hedge Funds254 9.3.2 Risks Associated with Hedge Funds255 9.3.3 Due Diligence259 9.4 Hedge Fund Strategies261 9.4.1 Relative Value Strategies261 9.4.2 Event-Driven Strategies264 9.4.3 Directional Funds265 9.5 Funds of Hedge Funds268 9.5.1 Advantages268 9.5.2 Disadvantages269 9.6 Principal-protected Notes270 9.6.1 What Is a Principal-Protected Note?270 9.6.2 Costs271 9.6.3 Risks271 9.6.4 Choosing a PPN272 9.7 Tracking Hedge Fund Performance273 9.8 Conclusion273 10 E-mutual Funds274 10.1 Advantages of Investing in Mutual Funds274 10.1.1 Low Cost Professional Management274 10.1.2 Diversification274 10.1.3 Variety of Types of Funds/Transferability274 10.1.4 Variety of Purchase and Redemption Plans275 10.1.5 Liquidity275 10.1.6 Ease of Estate Planning275 10.1.7 Loan Collateral275 10.1.8 Eligible for Margin275 10.1.9 Various Special Options275 10.2 Disadvantages Associated with Mutual Funds276 10.2.1 Costs276 10.2.2 Unsuitable as a Short-Term Investment276 10.2.3 Unsuitable as an Emergency Reserve276 10.2.4 Professional Investment Management Is Not Infallible276 10.2.5 Tax Complications276 10.3 The Structure of Mutual Funds276 10.3.1 Trust versus Corporation276 10.3.2 The Organizational Structure of a Mutual Fund278 10.3.3 How Mutual Funds Units or Shares Are Priced279 10.3.4 Charges Associated with Mutual Funds280 10.4 Redeeming Mutual Fund Units or Shares284 10.4.1 Calculating Redemption/Selling Price285 10.4.2 Tax Consequences285 10.4.3 Buying by Reinvesting Distributions287 10.4.4 Types of Withdrawal Plans288 10.5 Who Regulates Mutual Funds?291 10.5.1 National Instruments 81-101 and 81-102291 10.5.2 General Mutual Fund Requirements291 10.5.3 Registration Requirements for the Mutual Fund Industry295 10.5.4 Mutual Fund Management Restrictions296 10.5.5 Distribution of Mutual Fund Securities by a Financial Institution300 10.6 Types of Mutual Funds302 10.6.1 Cash and Equivalent Funds302 10.6.2 Fixed-income Funds303 10.6.3 Balanced Funds304 10.6.4 Equity Funds305 10.6.5 Specialty and Sector Funds307 10.6.6 Index Funds308 10.6.7 Comparing Fund Types308 10.7 Fund Management Styles308 10.8 Comparing Mutual Fund Performance310 10.8.1 Performance Measurement311 10.8.2 Reading Mutual Fund Quotations311 10.8.3 Measures of Mutual Fund Performance312 10.8.4 Time Frames313 10.8.5 Comparative Performance314 10.8.6 Issues that Complicate Mutual Fund Performance314 10.8.7 Risk315 10.8.8 Pitfalls to Avoid316 11 The Portfolio Approach318 11.1 Overview of Analysis methods318 11.1.1 Fundamental Analysis318 11.1.2 Quantitative Analysis318 11.1.3 Technical Analysis318 11.1.4 Market Theories319 11.2 Industry Analysis320 11.2.1 Classify products and Services321 11.2.2 Classify Company322 11.3 Interpreting Financial Statements324 11.4 Risk and Return of Portfolio326 11.4.1 Overview326 11.4.2 Risk ― The Other Side of the Coin328 11.4.3 The Portfolio Management Process330 11.4.4 Rate of Return on Portfolios331 11.4.5 Measuring Risk in a Portfolio333 11.4.6 Monitor the Economy and Others333 12 Financial Planning339 12.1 Financial Planning and the Investment Advisor339 12.2 Information Gathering, Communication and Education340 12.2.1 Information Gathering340 12.2.2 Communicating with the Client341 12.2.3 Educating the Client341 12.3 The Process of Financial Planning342 12.3.1 Collect All Relevant Data342 12.3.2 Identify Objectives345 12.3.3 Identify Financial Problems and Constraints348 12.3.4 Develop a Written Financial Plan348 12.3.5 Implement Recommendations348 12.3.6 Review, Revise and Make Recommendations348 12.3.7 Conclusion349 12.4 Ethics and the Financial Advisor349 12.5 Standards of Conduct350 12.5.1 Know Your Client and Suitability350 12.5.2 Trustworthiness, Honesty and Fairness351 12.5.3 Fiduciary Duty and Professionalism352 12.5.4 Conclusion353 12.6 Taxes and Taxation Issues353 12.6.1 The Income Tax System355 12.6.2 Types of Income356 12.6.3 Calculating Income Tax Payable357 12.6.4 Tax on Dividends358 12.6.5 Tax Deductible Items Related to Investment Income360 12.6.6 Capital Gains and Losses361 12.6.7 Capital Losses365 12.6.8 Tax Loss Selling366 12.6.9 Minimum Tax367 12.7 Appendix ― Registrant Code of Ethics and Standards of Conduct367 12.7.1 Registrant Code of Ethics367 12.8 Appendix ― Juan Casuso371 12.8.1 Personal Evaluation371 12.8.2 Investment Objectives372 12.8.3 Tax Planning for Juan Casuso372 12.8.4 Asset Mix372 12.8.5 Recommended Portfolio373 12.9 Johanna Von Rosen373 12.9.1 Personal Evaluation375 12.9.2 Investment Objectives375 12.9.3 The Recommended Portfolio375
目 录 Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 E-finance Technologies in Payment Services1 1.2 History of E-finance in US2 1.3 Two Questions3 1.4 Debit Cards4 1.5 The E-finance Impact on Financial Markets7 1.5.1 Stock Markets7 1.5.2 Foreign Exchange Markets9 1.5.3 Bond Markets10 1.5.4 Concluding Remarks10 2 Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System11 2.1 What Is a Bitcoin ?11 2.1.1 Introduction11 2.1.2 Creation of Coins12 2.1.3 Sending Payments12 2.1.4 Preventing Double-Spending14 2.2 Anonymity15 2.3 Where to See and Explore?15 2.4 How Many People Use Bitcoin?16 2.5 Why Does My Bitcoin Address Keep Changing?17 2.6 Network18 2.6.1 The Steps to Run the Network18 2.6.2 What Is Mining?18 2.6.3 Simplified Payment Verification20 2.6.4 Combining and Splitting Value20 2.7 Security20 2.7.1 Privacy20 2.7.2 There Are Two Questions21 2.7.3 Criminal Activities22 2.7.4 Theft23 2.8 Taxation and Regulation24 2.9 Conclusion25 3 Capital Markets and Financial Services26 3.1 What Is Investment Capital?26 3.2 Characteristics of Capital26 3.2.1 Sources of Capital27 3.2.2 Users of Capital29 3.3 The Role of Financial Instruments30 3.3.1 Debt30 3.3.2 Equity30 3.3.3 Investment Funds31 3.3.4 Derivatives31 3.4 The Role of Financial Markets31 3.4.1 Stock Exchanges around the World32 3.4.2 Exchange Memberships33 3.5 Governing Bodies and Administration33 3.5.1 Boards of Directors33 3.5.2 Statutory Responsibilities34 3.5.3 Future Trends34 3.6 Dealer Markets the Unlisted Market35 3.6.1 The Unlisted Equity Market35 3.6.2 The Fixed-Income Marketplace36 3.7 The Role of Financial Intermediaries36 3.7.1 Size and Characteristics of the Securities Industry Today37 3.7.2 Financing Securities Houses41 3.7.3 Principal and Agency Functions42 3.7.4 Dealer, Principal and Agency Transactions43 4 Financing, Listing and Regulations45 4.1 Financing45 4.1.1 Government Financing46 4.1.2 Corporate Finance48 4.2 Corporations Financing Process48 4.2.1 The Dealer’s Advisory Relationshipwith Corporations49 4.2.2 The Method of Offering49 4.3 Advice on the Security to Be Issued51 4.4 The Prospectus52 4.4.1 The Short Form Prospectus System55 4.4.2 Internet Prospectus55 4.5 Other Documents and Sale of the Issue56 4.6 The Financing Process57 4.6.1 After-market Stabilization59 4.6.2 Other Methods of Distribution60 4.6.3 Junior Company Distributions60 4.7 Options of Treasury Shares61 4.7.1 The Listing Process61 4.7.2 Advantages of Listing61 4.7.3 Disadvantages of Listing62 4.7.4 Disadvantages of Listing62 4.7.5 The Listing Application62 4.7.6 Regulations for Listed Companies63 4.7.7 Withdrawing Trading Privileges63 4.8 Temporary Interruption of Trading63 4.8.1 Delayed Opening63 4.8.2 Halt in Trading64 4.8.3 Suspension of Trading64 4.9 Cancelling a Listing (Delisting)64 4.10 Regulation and Investor Protection64 4.10.1 Underlying Principles of Provincial Securities Legislation64 4.10.2 Registration65 4.10.3 The National Registration Database (NRD)66 4.11 Designated Non-trading Employees66 4.12 Securities Firms66 4.13 Know Your Client Rule67 4.14 Breach of Fiduciary Duty67 4.15 Public Company Disclosure and Investor Rights70 4.16 The Purchasers’ Statutory Rights71 4.17 Continuous Disclosure72 4.18 Takeover Bids73 4.19 Early Warning Disclosure75 4.20 Insider Trading75 4.21 Investigation and Prosecution76 5 Corporations and their Financial Statements77 5.1 Types of Business Structures77 5.2 Incorporated Businesses78 5.2.1 Government Approval78 5.2.2 Choice of Jurisdiction78 5.2.3 Public and Private Corporations79 5.2.4 The By-laws79 5.2.5 Voting and Control79 5.2.6 Shareholders’ Meetings80 5.2.7 Voting Trusts80 5.2.8 Directors81 5.2.9 Officers82 5.2.10 Financing the Corporation82 5.2.11 Advantages of Incorporation85 5.2.12 Disadvantages of Incorporation86 5.3 Understanding the Balance Sheet86 5.3.1 General Form of the Balance Sheet87 5.3.2 Classification of Assets88 5.3.3 Classification of Liabilities94 5.3.4 Shareholders’ Equity97 5.4 Understanding the Earnings Statement98 5.4.1 What It Shows98 5.4.2 Structure of the Earnings Statement99 5.4.3 The Operating Section (items 28 to 34)100 5.4.4 Non-Operating Section (item 35)102 5.4.5 The Creditors’ Section (items 37and 38)102 5.4.6 The Owners’ Section (items 40 to 45)102 5.5 Understanding the Retained Earnings Statement104 5.6 Understanding the Cash Flow Statement105 5.6.1 Introduction105 5.6.2 Operating Activities106 5.6.3 Financing Activities (items 51 to 54)107 5.6.4 Investing Activities (items 55 to 57)107 5.6.5 Change in Cash Flow (items 58 to 60)107 5.6.6 Supplemental information (items 61 to 62)108 5.7 Other Information in the Annual Report108 5.7.1 Footnotes to the Financial Statements108 5.7.2 The Auditor’s Report109 5.8 Specimen Financial Statements110 6 Fixed-income Securities115 6.1 Definitions115 6.1.1 Fixed-income Securities115 6.1.2 Bonds and Debentures115 6.1.3 Interest115 6.1.4 Face Value and Denomination116 6.1.5 Price and Yield116 6.1.6 Term to Maturity117 6.1.7 Liquid Bonds, Negotiable Bonds, and Marketable Bonds117 6.2 The Rationale for Issuing Fixed-Income Securities117 6.2.1 Financing Operations or Growth118 6.2.2 Financial Leverage118 6.3 Size of the Fixed-income Market118 6.4 Features and Provisions of Bonds119 6.4.1 Call or Redemption Feature119 6.4.2 Sinking Funds and Purchase Funds120 6.4.3 Extendible and Retractable Bonds121 6.4.4 Convertible Bonds and Debentures121 6.4.5 Protective Provisions124 6.5 Types of Fixed-income Securities127 6.5.1 Government of Canada Securities127 6.5.2 Provincial Government Securities and Guarantees130 6.5.3 Municipal Debentures/Installment Debentures132 6.5.4 Corporate Bonds133 6.5.5 Other Types of Fixed Income Securities136 6.5.6 Reading Bond Quotes138 6.5.7 The Bond Rating Services139 6.6 Bond Pricing Principles140 6.6.1 The Use of Present Value140 6.6.2 Calculations for Fixed-Income Securities143 6.6.3 Theories of Interest Rate Determination145 6.6.4 Fixed-Income Pricing Properties148 6.6.5 The Yield Curve and Bond Switching153 6.7 Delivery, Settlement and Regulation156 6.7.1 Bond Delivery156 6.7.2 Clearing and Settlement156 6.7.3 Regulation of Bond Trading157 6.7.4 Accrued Interest158 6.8 Bond Indexes160 6.8.1 Uses of Bond Indexes160 6.8.2 Scotia Capital Canadian Bond Market Indexes160 6.8.3 Merrill Lynch Global Indexes161 6.8.4 Other Index Providers161 7 Equities162 7.1 Common Shares162 7.2 Rights and Advantages of Common Share Ownership162 7.2.1 Capital Appreciation163 7.2.2 Dividends163 7.2.3 Voting Privileges167 7.2.4 Tax Treatment168 7.2.5 Marketability170 7.2.6 Stock Splits and Consolidations170 7.2.7 Reading Stock Quotations172 7.3 Preferred Shares173 7.3.1 The Preferred’s Position173 7.3.2 Preference as to Assets173 7.3.3 Preference as to Dividends174 7.3.4 Features of Preferred Shares174 7.3.5 Special Protective Provisions177 7.3.6 Why Do Companies Issue Preferred Shares?178 7.3.7 Who Buys Preferred Shares?178 7.4 Types of Preferreds179 7.4.1 Fixed Rate (or Straight) Preferreds179 7.4.2 Convertible Preferreds179 7.4.3 Retractable Preferreds182 7.4.4 Floating Rate Preferreds183 7.4.5 Foreign-pay Preferreds184 7.4.6 Canadian Originated Preferred Securities (COPrS)184 7.4.7 Other Types of Preferreds185 7.5 Cash and Margin Accounts186 7.5.1 Cash Accounts186 7.5.2 Margin Accounts188 7.6 Short Selling of Equities190 7.6.1 What Is Short Selling?190 7.6.2 How is Short Selling Done?190 7.7 Equity Transactions194 7.7.1 An Agency Transaction�Trading Procedures194 7.7.2 Settlement Procedures195 7.7.3 Other Transaction Models196 7.8 Buy and Sell Orders197 7.8.1 Market Order197 7.8.2 Limit Order197 7.8.3 Day Order197 7.8.4 Good Till Cancelled (GTC) Order197 7.8.5 All or None Order (AON Order)197 7.8.6 Any Part Order198 7.8.7 Good Through Order198 7.8.8 Stop Loss and Stop Buy Orders198 7.8.9 The Preferential Trading Rule and the Pro or N-C Order199 7.9 Stock Indexes and Averages199 7.9.1 What Is a Stock Index?199 7.9.2 What Is an Average?200 7.9.3 Canadian Market Indexes200 7.9.4 U.S. Stock Market Indexes204 7.9.5 International Stock Market Indexes and Averages207 8 Derivatives209 8.1 What Is a Derivative?209 8.1.1 Features Common to All Derivatives209 8.1.2 Derivative Markets210 8.1.3 Key Differences Between Exchange-traded and OTC Derivatives211 8.2 Types of Underlying Assets213 8.2.1 Commodities213 8.2.2 Financials214 8.3 Who Uses Derivatives and Why Do They Use Them?215 8.3.1 Individual Investors215 8.3.2 Institutional Investors216 8.3.3 Corporations and Businesses217 8.3.4 Derivative Dealers218 8.4 Options219 8.4.1 Key Terms and Definitions219 8.4.2 Option Exchanges223 8.4.3 Reading an Options Quotation223 8.4.4 Basic Option Strategies for Individual and Institutional Investors224 8.4.5 Basic Option Strategies for Corporations232 8.5 Forwards233 8.5.1 Futures: Key Terms and Definitions233 8.5.2 Futures Exchanges235 8.5.3 Reading a Futures Quotation235 8.5.4 Basic Futures Strategies for Investors236 8.5.5 Basic Futures Strategies for Corporations238 8.6 Rights and Warrants240 8.6.1 Rights240 8.6.2 Warrants244 9 Hedge Funds246 9.1 Overview of Hedge Funds246 9.1.1 What Is a Hedge Fund?246 9.1.2 Comparing Hedge Funds to Mutual Funds246 9.1.3 Who Can Invest in Hedge Funds?246 9.1.4 History of Hedge Funds248 9.1.5 Size of the Hedge Fund Market249 9.2 Portfolio Theory and Hedge Funds249 9.2.1 Portfolio Theory250 9.2.2 Measuring Portfolio Performance252 9.3 Benefits and Risks of Hedge Funds254 9.3.1 Benefits of Hedge Funds254 9.3.2 Risks Associated with Hedge Funds255 9.3.3 Due Diligence259 9.4 Hedge Fund Strategies261 9.4.1 Relative Value Strategies261 9.4.2 Event-Driven Strategies264 9.4.3 Directional Funds265 9.5 Funds of Hedge Funds268 9.5.1 Advantages268 9.5.2 Disadvantages269 9.6 Principal-protected Notes270 9.6.1 What Is a Principal-Protected Note?270 9.6.2 Costs271 9.6.3 Risks271 9.6.4 Choosing a PPN272 9.7 Tracking Hedge Fund Performance273 9.8 Conclusion273 10 E-mutual Funds274 10.1 Advantages of Investing in Mutual Funds274 10.1.1 Low Cost Professional Management274 10.1.2 Diversification274 10.1.3 Variety of Types of Funds/Transferability274 10.1.4 Variety of Purchase and Redemption Plans275 10.1.5 Liquidity275 10.1.6 Ease of Estate Planning275 10.1.7 Loan Collateral275 10.1.8 Eligible for Margin275 10.1.9 Various Special Options275 10.2 Disadvantages Associated with Mutual Funds276 10.2.1 Costs276 10.2.2 Unsuitable as a Short-Term Investment276 10.2.3 Unsuitable as an Emergency Reserve276 10.2.4 Professional Investment Management Is Not Infallible276 10.2.5 Tax Complications276 10.3 The Structure of Mutual Funds276 10.3.1 Trust versus Corporation276 10.3.2 The Organizational Structure of a Mutual Fund278 10.3.3 How Mutual Funds Units or Shares Are Priced279 10.3.4 Charges Associated with Mutual Funds280 10.4 Redeeming Mutual Fund Units or Shares284 10.4.1 Calculating Redemption/Selling Price285 10.4.2 Tax Consequences285 10.4.3 Buying by Reinvesting Distributions287 10.4.4 Types of Withdrawal Plans288 10.5 Who Regulates Mutual Funds?291 10.5.1 National Instruments 81-101 and 81-102291 10.5.2 General Mutual Fund Requirements291 10.5.3 Registration Requirements for the Mutual Fund Industry295 10.5.4 Mutual Fund Management Restrictions296 10.5.5 Distribution of Mutual Fund Securities by a Financial Institution300 10.6 Types of Mutual Funds302 10.6.1 Cash and Equivalent Funds302 10.6.2 Fixed-income Funds303 10.6.3 Balanced Funds304 10.6.4 Equity Funds305 10.6.5 Specialty and Sector Funds307 10.6.6 Index Funds308 10.6.7 Comparing Fund Types308 10.7 Fund Management Styles308 10.8 Comparing Mutual Fund Performance310 10.8.1 Performance Measurement311 10.8.2 Reading Mutual Fund Quotations311 10.8.3 Measures of Mutual Fund Performance312 10.8.4 Time Frames313 10.8.5 Comparative Performance314 10.8.6 Issues that Complicate Mutual Fund Performance314 10.8.7 Risk315 10.8.8 Pitfalls to Avoid316 11 The Portfolio Approach318 11.1 Overview of Analysis methods318 11.1.1 Fundamental Analysis318 11.1.2 Quantitative Analysis318 11.1.3 Technical Analysis318 11.1.4 Market Theories319 11.2 Industry Analysis320 11.2.1 Classify products and Services321 11.2.2 Classify Company322 11.3 Interpreting Financial Statements324 11.4 Risk and Return of Portfolio326 11.4.1 Overview326 11.4.2 Risk ― The Other Side of the Coin328 11.4.3 The Portfolio Management Process330 11.4.4 Rate of Return on Portfolios331 11.4.5 Measuring Risk in a Portfolio333 11.4.6 Monitor the Economy and Others333 12 Financial Planning339 12.1 Financial Planning and the Investment Advisor339 12.2 Information Gathering, Communication and Education340 12.2.1 Information Gathering340 12.2.2 Communicating with the Client341 12.2.3 Educating the Client341 12.3 The Process of Financial Planning342 12.3.1 Collect All Relevant Data342 12.3.2 Identify Objectives345 12.3.3 Identify Financial Problems and Constraints348 12.3.4 Develop a Written Financial Plan348 12.3.5 Implement Recommendations348 12.3.6 Review, Revise and Make Recommendations348 12.3.7 Conclusion349 12.4 Ethics and the Financial Advisor349 12.5 Standards of Conduct350 12.5.1 Know Your Client and Suitability350 12.5.2 Trustworthiness, Honesty and Fairness351 12.5.3 Fiduciary Duty and Professionalism352 12.5.4 Conclusion353 12.6 Taxes and Taxation Issues353 12.6.1 The Income Tax System355 12.6.2 Types of Income356 12.6.3 Calculating Income Tax Payable357 12.6.4 Tax on Dividends358 12.6.5 Tax Deductible Items Related to Investment Income360 12.6.6 Capital Gains and Losses361 12.6.7 Capital Losses365 12.6.8 Tax Loss Selling366 12.6.9 Minimum Tax367 12.7 Appendix ― Registrant Code of Ethics and Standards of Conduct367 12.7.1 Registrant Code of Ethics367 12.8 Appendix ― Juan Casuso371 12.8.1 Personal Evaluation371 12.8.2 Investment Objectives372 12.8.3 Tax Planning for Juan Casuso372 12.8.4 Asset Mix372 12.8.5 Recommended Portfolio373 12.9 Johanna Von Rosen373 12.9.1 Personal Evaluation375 12.9.2 Investment Objectives375 12.9.3 The Recommended Portfolio375
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