contents 序 文秋芳 iii 导读 韩宝成 罗凯洲 vi acknowledgments xxvi 1 objectives and expectations, or why we need another book about language testing 1 part i: conceptual foundations 18 2 issues and considerations 19 3 describing language use and language ability 33 4 describing characteristics of language use and language assessment tasks 59 5 justifying the use of language assessments 86 part ii: constructing an assessment use argument 140 6 overview of assessment development and use 142 7 initial nning 149 8 constructing an assessment use argument for developing and justifying a language assessment 159 9 the intended consequences of using language assessments 183 10 the decisions to be made on the basis of language assessments 200 11 interpretations 217 12 assessment records 252 part iii: developing and using language assessments in the real world 257 13 real world conditions and constraints on language assessment 259 14 developing a design statement 280 15 developing assessment tasks 320 16 recor and interpreting assessment performance 337 17 blueprints 387 18 preparing effective instructions 402 19 collecting feedback and backing 414 20 identifying, allocating, and managing resources 432 21 using language assessments responsibly 450 bibliography 463 index 475
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